Permanent Contraception: Women’s Desire for Their Spouse and Future Uptake

BackgroundUtilization of malaria interventions is influenced by, among other things, the level of knowledge and attitude that the community has toward the infection as well as the available interventions. This study assessed malaria knowledge, attitudes, and practices on malaria infection and interventions in Masasi and Nanyumbu districts, Tanzania.MethodsA community-based cross-sectional survey was conducted between August and September 2020, among the heads of households having at least one under-five child. Information on knowledge, attitudes, and practices on malaria infection and interventions was gathered from the heads of the households using a structured questionnaire. The knowledge level was classified into low, moderate, and high. Attitudes were classified into positive and negative, whereas the practices were classified into good and poor. Children aged between 3 and 59 months were screened for malaria infection using a malaria rapid diagnostic test (mRDT). The proportion of the households' heads with high level of knowledge was the primary outcome. Proportions were compared using Chi-square or fisher's test, and logistic regression analysis was used as appropriate.ResultsA total of 1,556 household heads were interviewed, 1,167 (75.00%) were male, and according to marital status, 1,067 (68.57%) were couples. All the household heads had some knowledge of malaria, but 47.33% (736/1,555) and 13.83% (215/1,555) of them had moderate and high knowledge, respectively. The level of knowledge on malaria was significantly influenced by gender [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 0.72, 95.00% confidence interval (CI) = 0.56–0.94, p = 0.017], level of education (aOR = 1.50, 95.00% CI = 1.04–2.16, p = 0.03), and the occupation of the household head (aOR = 1.90, 95.00% CI = 1.22–2.96, p = 0.004). Majority of the households [83.87% (1,305/1,556)] had bed nets hanging on the sleeping spaces. Of the household heads possessing bed nets, 85.10% (514/604), 79.62% (586/736), and 95.35% (205/215) of them had a low, moderate, and high level of knowledge on malaria infection, respectively (trend x2 = 31.53, p < 0.001). The majority [95.04% (1,474/1,551)] of the household heads perceived sleeping under the bed net to be beneficial. Furthermore, 15.56% (94/604), 14.67% (108/736), and 7.44% (16/215) of the household heads with low, moderate, and high knowledge, respectively, had children with malaria infection (trend x2 = 9.172, p = 0.01).ConclusionThe study population had a good level of knowledge about malaria infection, and a good attitude toward malaria interventions, and the majority of them were using bed nets.

BackgroundDespite the availability of TB infection control guidelines, and good levels of healthcare worker knowledge about infection control, often these measures are not well implemented. This study sought to determine the factors associated with healthcare workers’ good TB infection control practices in primary health care facilities in the Free State Province, South Africa.MethodsA cross-sectional self-administered survey among nurses (n = 202) and facility-based community healthcare workers (n = 34) as well as facility observations were undertaken at all 41 primary health care facilities in a selected district of the Free State Province.ResultsThe majority of respondents were female (n = 200; 87.7 %) and the average age was 44.19 years (standard deviation ±10.82). Good levels of knowledge were recorded, with 42.8 % (n = 101) having an average score (i.e. 65–79 %) and 31.8 % (n = 75) a good score (i.e. ≥ 80 %). Most respondents (n = 189; 80.4 %) had positive attitudes towards TB infection control practices (i.e. ≥ 80 %). While good TB infection control practices were reported by 72.9 % (n = 161) of the respondents (i.e. ≥75 %), observations revealed this to not necessarily be the case. For every unit increase in attitudes, good practices increased 1.090 times (CI:1.016–1.169). Respondents with high levels of knowledge (≥80 %) were 4.029 (CI: 1.550–10.469) times more likely to have good practices when compared to respondents with poor levels of knowledge (<65 %). The study did not find TB/HIV-related training to be a predictor of good practices.ConclusionsPositive attitudes and good levels of knowledge regarding TB infection control were the main factors associated with good infection control practices. Although many respondents reported good infection control practices - which was somewhat countered by the observations - there are areas that require attention, particularly those related to administrative controls and the use of personal protective equipment.

Cancer can be defined as an uncontrolled and unregulated growth of cell in human body and it can be diagnosed in all level of age, races and also both genders. High level of awareness and adequate knowledge of warning signs of cancer might have great impact in surviving the disease. A cross-sectional study was done to determine the level of knowledge in identifying warning signs of cancer among students in Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Kota Bharu Campus and to examine the factors that contribute significantly to the level of knowledge. There are 9 independent variables involved in this study; gender, CGPA, father’s education level, mother’s education level, family’s monthly income, health insurance status, family history of having cancer, BM, and age. The dependent variable in this study is level of knowledge in identifying warning signs of cancer where it is categorized into 0 and 1; 0 denoting low knowledge and 1 denoting high knowledge. The finding shows that most of the respondents have low level of knowledge (84.9%). Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the determinants of level of knowledge in identifying warning signs of cancer. Overall, there were two significant variables (family monthly income and family history of having cancer) found in logistic regression analysis. There are several recommendations highlighted in this study such as the strategies to communicate the warning signs of cancer to the public.

Background Exerciseduring pregnancy helps to promote health benefits for both the mother and fetus. One of the concerns among Saudi pregnant women is physical inactivity. The objective of this study was to assess females' knowledge, beliefs, and practices towardexercise during pregnancy in Saudi Arabia. Also, we investigated the most common barriers to exercising during pregnancy. Methods The study was a cross-sectional study that includedall Saudi females aged 18 years and above and excluded non-Saudi femalesand those aged less than 18 years.A self-administeredsurvey was distributed onsocial media platforms. The collected data were codedand analyzed usingSPSS version 23 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). Results A total of 1207 participants were enrolled in the study. In regards to general knowledge and awareness levels, 1002 (83%)participants had a high level of knowledge and awareness, and 205 (17%) had a low level of knowledge and awareness. Exercise during pregnancy is essential was agreed on by 853 (70.7%) participants. The most reported sources of information on prenatal exercise were found to be websites, as reported by 56.7%of the participants. About 42.4%of the participants were sometimes exercising during pregnancy. The most common type of antenatal exercise was found to be walking, as mentioned by 83.5%of the participants. The most commonly reported barrier to practicing antenatal exercises was found to be fatigue, as reported by 53.9%of the participants, and lack of time. Age was found to be significantly associated with the level of beliefs, awareness, and knowledge regarding antenatal care. A statistically significant association was found between marital status and level of beliefs, awareness, and knowledge regarding antenatal care with married participants tending to be having a higher level of knowledge and awareness compared to other groups. Occupation and level of beliefs, awareness, and knowledge regarding antenatal care were found to be significantly associated. Conclusion We found good general knowledge and awareness levels regarding exercise during pregnancy. Beliefs towardexercise during pregnancy were below average. Future studies on how to promote regular exercise during pregnancy are recommended.

BackgroundDespite the fact that long acting family planning methods reduce population growth and improve maternal health, their utilization remains poor. Therefore, this study assessed the prevalence of long acting and permanent family planning method utilization and associated factors among women in reproductive age groups who have decided not to have more children in Gondar city, northwest Ethiopia.MethodAn institution based cross-sectional study was conducted from August to October, 2015. Three hundred seventeen women who have decided not to have more children were selected consecutively into the study. A structured and pretested questionnaire was used to collect data. Both bivariate and multi-variable logistic regressions analyses were used to identify factors associated with utilization of long acting and permanent family planning methods. The multi-variable logistic regression analysis was used to investigate factors associated with the utilization of long acting and permanent family planning methods. The Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) with the corresponding 95% Confidence Interval (CI) was used to show the strength of associations, and variables with a P-value of <0.05 were considered statistically significant.ResultsIn this study, the overall prevalence of long acting and permanent contraceptive (LAPCM) method utilization was 34.7% (95% CI: 29.5-39.9). According to the multi-variable logistic regression analysis, utilization of long acting and permanent contraceptive methods was significantly associated with women who had secondary school, (AOR: 2279, 95% CI: 1.17, 4.44), college, and above education (AOR: 2.91, 95% CI: 1.36, 6.24), history of previous utilization (AOR: 3.02, 95% CI: 1.69, 5.38), and information about LAPCM (AOR: 8.85, 95% CI: 2.04, 38.41).ConclusionIn this study the prevalence of long acting and permanent family planning method utilization among women who have decided not to have more children was high compared with previous studies conducted elsewhere. Advanced educational status, previous utilization of LAPCM, and information on LAPCM were significantly associated with the utilization of LAPCM. As a result, strengthening behavioral change communication channels to make information accessible is highly recommended.

Objective:To determine the impact of maternal education, employment, and family size on nutritional status of children.Methods:It was case control study conducted at OPD of children Hospital Lahore, from September 2015 to April 2017. Total 340 children (170 cases and 170 controls) with age range of six months to five years along with their mothers were included. Anthropometric measurements were plotted against WHO growth Charts. 170 wasted (<-2 SD) were matched with 170 controls (≥ -2 SD). Maternal education, employment and family size were compared between the cases and control. Confounding variables noted and dichotomized. Univariate analysis was carried out for factors under consideration i.e.; Maternal Education, employment and family size to study the association of each factor. Logistic regression analysis was applied to study the independent association.Results:Maternal education had significant association with growth parameters; OR of 1.32 with confidence interval of (CI= 1.1 to 1.623). Employment status of mothers had OR of 1.132 with insignificant confidence interval of (CI=0.725 to 1.768). Family size had OR of one with insignificant confidence interval (CI=0.8 -1.21). Association remained same after applying bivariate logistic regression analysis.Conclusion:Maternal education has definite and significant effect on nutritional status of children. This is the key factor to be addressed for prevention or improvement of childhood malnutrition. For this it is imperative to launch sustainable programs at national and regional level to uplift women educational status to combat this ever increasing burden of malnutrition.

Study question The goal of this study was to determine the independent effect of ethnicity on adverse obstetrical outcomes in women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS). Summary answer Among women with PCOS, African Americans, Hispanic and Asians are at an increased risk of certain adverse obstetrics outcomes, whereas Caucasians have fewer pregnancy complications. What is known already Polycystic ovarian syndrome is associated with an increased risk of pregnancy complications possibly due to the insulin resistance inherent in this syndrome. Variable ethnicities demonstrate different magnitudes of insulin resistance and in non-PCOS populations are known to be at modified pregnancy complication risks. Different ethnicities may have different phenotypes of PCOS, possibly further modifying outcomes. The role of ethnicity in women with PCOS and its effect on pregnancy complications has not been well studied. Study design, size, duration This retrospective population-based study utilized data from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Nationwide Inpatient Sample (HCUP-NIS), over 11 years from 2004 to 2014. The data are representative of 20% of admissions to US hospitals and geographically represent over 96% of the American population. Clinical modification ICD9-CM codes were used to identify women with PCOS and group them according to maternal ethnicity. In 2015 codes were changed to ICD-10 which are not comparable. Participants/materials, setting, methods All women with PCOS(n = 12782) were grouped according to maternal ethnicity: Caucasian(9107), African American(1098), Hispanic(1288), Asian(741), and other. Pregnancy, delivery, and neonatal outcomes were collected per group and compared to the rest. Chi-square tests were used to compare the baseline characteristics between the cohorts. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to explore associations between ethnicity and pregnancy outcomes through the estimation of odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) while controlling for confounding effects. Main results and the role of chance PCOS was found in 12,782 patients with included ethnicity results. Asian women had a higher prevalence of gestational diabetes(GDM) (aOR1.96, 95%CI 1.49-2.58, p &amp;lt; 0.001), chorioamnionitis (aOR3.41, 95%CI 2.12-5.47, p &amp;lt; 0.0001), operative vaginal delivery (aOR2.42, 95%CI 1.65-3.56, p &amp;lt; 0.001), postpartum hemorrhage(PPH) (aOR2.07, 95%CI 1.25-3.43, p = 0.004) and maternal infection (aOR2.84, 95%CI 1.80-4.49, p &amp;lt; 0.001). African Americans had a higher risk of pregnancy-induced hypertension (aOR1.38, 95% CI 1.06-1.80, p = 0.02), preeclampsia (aOR1.68, 95% CI 1.15-2.45, p = 0.007), preterm premature rupture of membrane (aOR2.75, 95%CI 1.58-4.78, p &amp;lt; 0.001), chorioamnionitis (aOR1.83, 95%CI 1.12-2.98, p = 0.016) and cesarean sections (aOR1.69, 95%CI 1.32-2.15, p &amp;lt; 0.001) and lower risk of operative vaginal delivery (aOR0.53, 95%CI 0.31-0.93, p = 0.03), spontaneous vaginal delivery (aOR0.67, 95%CI 0.52-0.85, p &amp;lt; 0.001), and maternal infection (aOR1.91, 95%CI 1.21-3.00, p = 0.005). The risk of GDM (aOR1.36, 95%CI 1.06-1.73, p &amp;lt; 0.014) and PPH (aOR1.58, 95%CI 1.01-2.47, p = 0.045) was increased among Hispanic patients. Caucasian patients were at lower risk of GDM(aOR0.67, 95%CI 0.57-0.79, p &amp;lt; 0.0001), chorioamnionitis (aOR0.39, 95%CI 0.28-0.55, p &amp;lt; 0.0001), casarean section (aOR0.83, 95%CI 0.73-0.95, p &amp;lt; 0.008), spontaneous vaginal deliveries (aOR1.25, 95% CI1.10-1.43, p &amp;lt; 0.001), PPH (aOR0.70, 95% CI0.50-0.98, p &amp;lt; 0.035), blood transfusion (aOR0.49, 95%CI 0.29-0.83, p &amp;lt; 0.007), maternal infection (aOR0.34, 95% CI 0.27-0.51, p &amp;lt; 0.0001) and small for gestational age infants (aOR0.64, 95%CI 0.44-0.93, p &amp;lt; 0.018). Rates of other pregnancy outcomes were similar for the groups. Limitations, reasons for caution This is a retrospective analysis utilizing an administrative database that relied on the accuracy and consistency of the individuals coding the data. There are known limitations to how accurately hospital coding is able to capture perinatal conditions and complications. Wider implications of the findings Our study demonstrated that among women with PCOS, specific ethnicities are at an increased risk of adverse obstetric outcomes. This underlines the importance of screening for certain pregnancy complications in PCOS women of African American, Hispanic, and Asian ethnicity. Studies should evaluate the role of insulin resistance in these outcomes. Trial registration number not applicable - This study used publicly accessible, anonymized data; therefore, according to articles 2.2, 2.4 of Tri-Council Policy Statement (2010), institutional review board approval was not required.

BackgroundKnowledge is an important pre-requisite for implementing both primary as well as secondary preventive strategies for cardiovascular disease (CVD). There are no estimates of the level of knowledge of risk factor of heart disease in patients with CVD. We estimated the level of knowledge of modifiable risk factors and determined the factors associated with good level of knowledge among patients presenting with their first acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in a tertiary care hospital in Karachi, Pakistan.MethodsA hospital based cross-sectional study was conducted at the National Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, a major tertiary care hospital in Karachi Pakistan. Patients admitted with their first AMI were eligible to participate. Standard questionnaire was used to interview 720 subjects. Knowledge of four modifiable risk factors of heart disease: fatty food consumption, smoking, obesity and exercise were assessed. The participants knowing three out of four risk factors were regarded as having a good level of knowledge. A multiple logistic regression model was constructed to identify the determinants of good level of knowledge.ResultsThe mean age (SD) was 54 (11.66) years. A mere 42% of our study population had a good level of knowledge. In multiple logistic regression analysis, independent predictors of "good" level of knowledge were (odds ratio [95% confidence interval]) more than ten years of schooling were 2.5 [1.30, 4.80] (verses no schooling at all) and nuclear family system (verses extended family system) 2.54 [1.65, 3.89]. In addition, Sindhi ethnicity OR [3.03], higher level of exercise OR [2.76] and non user of tobacco OR [2.53] were also predictors of good level of knowledge.ConclusionOur findings highlight the lack of good level of knowledge of modifiable risk factors for heart disease among subjects admitted with AMI in Pakistan. There is urgent need for aggressive and targeted educational strategies in the Pakistani population.

Food safety knowledge, attitude and practices of street food vendors and associated factors in Mekelle city, Northern Ethiopia

Using a survey questionnaire, this study determined the gender difference in the level of knowledge, awareness and economic valuation of direct uses of mangrove resources among the local community, local government unit (LGU), and Palitakan–a people organization (PO) who takes an active part in the protection and conservation of the Calatagan Mangrove Forest Conservation Park. The study also differentiated the gender roles of the stakeholders in the protection and conservation efforts through focus group discussion (FGD). Gathered data was validated through a key informant interview. Respondents from PO and the local community were men and women, while respondents from LGU were mostly men. Results showed that women from the PO and local community have a very high level of awareness and knowledge of mangrove resources, services, and conservation practises than men. Men from the LGU have higher awareness on conservation practises than women. Since the men from LGU and the men and women from the PO were actively engaged in the protection and conservation efforts in the mangrove park, they were observed to have a very high level of awareness toward mangrove conservation. Both men and women would sell the different mangrove resources at different prices. The knowledge, awareness, and economic valuation of the three important stakeholders on the mangrove conservation park give a better picture on how they value the mangrove forest. There are still mangrove conservation activities exclusively done by men and women of Palitakan. Gender-based conservation provided more significant and sustainable efforts in mangrove education and conservation.

Socioeconomic differences persist in use of permanent vs long-acting reversible contraception: An analysis of the National Survey of Family Growth, 2006 to 2010 vs 2015 to 2017

Introduction: Intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD) is an effective long acting reversible contraceptive but its use is low. This study examined factors contributing to the utilization of intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUCDs) among women in Kabwe Central Province. Methodology: This was an analytical cross sectional study. Primary data was collected from 150 respondents in using simple random sampling method. Data was analysed using the statistical package of social sciences (SPSS) version 22. Chi-square test was used to test associations among the dependent and independent variables. Logistic regression analysis was conducted. The confidence interval was set at 95% and significant level was at 0.05%. Findings: The study found that 44% of the respondents had high level of knowledge about IUCD. About 28% of the respondents, said that they used IUCD because it maintains menstrual bleeding, 26% said that they used because IUCD it does not cause infections, and 19% said that they used IUCD because it does not migrate to other body parts. Majority (81%) of the respondents agreed with a statement that age contributes to underutilization of IUCD. About 77% of the respondents agreed with a statement that marital status contributes to underutilization of IUCD and 75% agreed with a statement that, education level contributes to underutilization of IUCD and was significant. Furthermore, 91% of the respondents agreed with a statement that lack of knowledge about IUCD contributes to underutilization of IUCD and 74% agreed with a statement that religion contributes to underutilization of IUCD. Age (p = 0.003), marital status (p = 0.002), education level (p = 0.003), and employment status (p = 0.02), were found to have a significant relationship with the utilization of IUCD. About 36% of the respondents said that knowledge or education affects the utilization of IUCD at a large extent. The study showed a positive relationship between the utilization of IUCD and all explanatory variables such as age, education/knowledge, marital status, religion, family size and income and acceptability which had a positive correlation ranging from 0.543 to 0.815. Older women with higher education levels were more inclined to use IUCDs compared to younger individuals and those with only a primary education. Religious affiliation influenced IUCD use with Muslim women being less likely to opt for IUCDs. Moreover, being married was associated with lower IUCD utilization. Conclusion: Based on these findings, the study identified age, education/knowledge, marital status, religion, family size and income, and acceptability as the primary drivers of IUCD usage. The study recommends that, there should be a conduct of educational workshops, there should be community awareness programs and there should be comprehensive family Planning Services.

BackgroundThe school environment plays a significant role in shaping the well-being of students, as it encompasses various relationships that occur within the school community. Teachers, in particular, possess knowledge and perceptions that greatly influence their students’ behavior. This study aims to examine the perceptions of teachers regarding their impact on student practices and their efforts to enhance the school environment.MethodologyThe study employed a cross-sectional design involving general education teachers in Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia. Data were collected from a sample of 305 teachers through face-to-face interviews utilizing a structured questionnaire. A multistage probability sampling technique was employed to select a representative sample from the pool of school teachers. Descriptive statistics were utilized for continuous variables, while inferential statistics, such as logistic regression analyses, were employed to explore the factors influencing student practices.ResultsOverall, 264 (86.6%) school teachers had good knowledge of the school environment, and 225 (73.8%) had positive perceptions toward the school environment. The study also showed that more than two-thirds of teachers perceived that students had good practices to improve their school environment. Teachers with positive perceptions were found to be 2.84 times more likely to have positive perceptions toward students’ practices (odds ratio (OR) = 2.84, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.59-5.08). Teachers who had a good level of general information about the school environment were 1.6 times more likely to have positive perceptions toward students’ practices (OR = 1.63; 95% CI =1.94-2.85). Moreover, teachers who held managerial positions were 2.46 times more likely to have positive perceptions toward students’ practices (OR = 2.46; 95% CI = 1.30-4.65) when compared to those who did not hold managerial positions. The results also illustrated that high school teachers were 1.75 times more likely (OR = 1.75; 95% CI = 1.90-3.39) to have good perceptions toward students’ practices. Likewise, teachers who taught natural sciences courses had a significantly positive perception toward students’ practices to improve the school environment (p = 0.029).ConclusionsSchool teachers in Saudi Arabia demonstrated a commendable level of knowledge and held a positive perception regarding school environment practices. The study findings indicate that teachers who possess a positive perception and a good level of knowledge are more inclined to harbor positive perceptions toward student practices that contribute to enhancing the school environment. Therefore, it is advisable to incorporate school environment components into the school curriculum and integrate them into teacher preparation programs.

BackgroundAlthough rotavirus vaccination has reduced the global burden of the virus, morbidity and mortality from rotavirus infection remain high in Sub-Saharan Africa. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of rotavirus and adenovirus infections in children under five years with acute gastroenteritis and to identify factors associated with rotavirus infection after the introduction of the Rotasiil® vaccine in 2019 in Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).MethodsThis study consisted of a cross-sectional hospital-based survey conducted from May 2022 to April 2023 in four health facilities in Kisangani, using a fecal-based test (rapid antigenic immuno-chromatographic diagnostic test, BYOSYNEX adenovirus/rotavirus BSS, Biosynex SA, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France) of rotavirus and adenovirus infections among children under five years of age with acute gastroenteritis.ResultsA total of 320 children under five years of age with acute gastroenteritis were included. The prevalence of rotavirus infection was 34.4%, that of adenovirus was 6.3%, and that of both rotavirus and adenovirus coinfection was 1.3%. The prevalence of rotavirus was significantly higher in unvaccinated children than in vaccinated children (55.4% versus 23.1%; P < 0.001). This difference was observed only in children who received all three vaccine doses. Multivariate logistic regression analysis shows that the rate of rotavirus infection was significantly reduced in vaccinated children (adjusted OR: 0.31 [95% confidence intervals (CI): 0.19–0.56]; P < 0.001) and those whose mothers had an average (adjusted OR: 0.51 [95% CI: 0.25–0.91]; P = 0.018) or high level (adjusted OR: 0.34 [95% CI: 0.20–0.64]; P < 0.001) of knowledge about the rotavirus vaccine.ConclusionsThe prevalence of rotavirus infection remains high in Kisangani despite vaccination. However, the prevalence of adenovirus infections was low in our series. Complete vaccination with three doses and mothers’ average and high level of knowledge about the rotavirus vaccine significantly reduces the rate of rotavirus infection. It is, therefore, essential to strengthen the mothers’ health education, continue with the Rotasiil® vaccine, and ensure epidemiological surveillance of rotavirus infection.

Background: Mass Drug Administration (MDA) is a strategy to eliminate lymphatic filariasis (LF) in endemic areas. However, individuals' decision to take LF drugs in MDA is associated with their knowledge and awareness about LF. This study examined the association between the community’s level of knowledge and awareness about LF with the number of informant types and media types for LF information in Waihaong and Air Salobar Health Centers, Ambon City, Indonesia. Methodology: We used data from a household survey conducted in January 2019 involving 944 respondents aged 18-70 living in the study sites. Data analysis was performed using multivariable logistic regression. Results: We found that only 33.3% of respondents had a high level of knowledge and awareness about LF. An increased odds of having a high level of knowledge and awareness about LF was associated with respondents receiving information from more than one type of informant and one type of media (aOR=10.55, 95%CI: 2.35-47.37, p=0.002), and among female respondents (aOR=1.92, 95%CI: 1.25-2.94). Conclusions: These findings emphasize the importance of comprehensive health promotion strategies using different types of informants and media to enhance the community's knowledge and awareness about LF, which is important to support the elimination of LF in Ambon City, Indonesia.