Peripartum cardiomyopathy: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management

Abstract

The article summarizes the current knowledge on epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management of patients with peripartum cardiomyopathy. The incidence of peripartum cardiomyopathy varies and largely depends on the geographic region. The overall mortality reaches up to 4-28%. Risk factors for developing peripartum cardiomyopathy include multiple pregnancies and multiple births, family history, smoking, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, preeclampsia, poor nutrition, older or adolescent maternal age, and long-term treatment with beta-adrenergic agonists. Genetic factors play the leading role in the pathophysiology of peripartum cardiomyopathy. It is generally confirmed by family history and the incidence variation depending on the geographical region. The pathogenetic role of vasoinhibin, an isoform of prolactin, is described. Vasoinhibin has antiangiogenic, proapoptotic, proinflammatory, and vasoconstrictor effects. The important role of an imbalance between angiogenic and antiangiogenic factors is discussed. There are no guidelines for obstetricians and gynecologists on the management of pregnant women, parturient women, and postpartum women. One of the reasons is the absence of evidence. An urgent cesarean section is indicated if the pregnant woman has acute heart failure and requires inotropic support and/or invasive therapy. However, 2018 ESC Guidelines for the Management of Cardiovascular Diseases during Pregnancy recommend vaginal delivery in these patients.