Perioperative considerations for neurosurgical procedures in the gravid patient: Continuing Professional Development

Abstract

The complexity of neurosurgical procedures and their interactions with maternal and fetal physiologies are key factors in determining the overall maternal and fetal outcome. The literature and guidelines provide only partial information regarding the standard of care in these cases. The purpose of this Continuing Professional Development module is to review the issues related to common neurosurgical conditions and their optimal anesthetic management. The most common neurosurgical conditions found in pregnancy include brain tumours, cerebrovascular diseases, spinal pathologies, and neurotrauma. Though rare, these conditions and related procedures may affect maternal and fetal outcome. Maternal considerations should be given priority in cases of emergent surgeries irrespective of trimester. In the early first trimester, risk of fetal loss and congenital malformation are substantial; hence, proper counselling should be given to the mother with special emphasis on therapeutic abortion. When indicated, anticonvulsants should be started as early as possible and continued throughout pregnancy. Surgical procedures can be performed with relative safety during the second trimester and early third trimester. After 34 weeks, delivery seems to be the first choice, and the role of regional anesthesia in this situation should be carefully planned after proper review of neurosurgical pathology and maternal condition. During acute neurological deterioration, however, Cesarean delivery under general anesthesia should be anticipated. A multidisciplinary approach with good communication amongst all team members certainly plays a crucial role for successful management of such cases.