PERHITUNGAN PREMI BULANAN ASURANSI DANA PENSIUN MENGGUNAKAN METODE AGGREGATE COST PADA ASURANSI JIWA SEUMUR HIDUP

The Affordable Care Act 10 Years In: What Nursing Leaders Should Know

The repatriated orphans encountered yet another obstacle. As they became sixty years old, the official retirement age in Japan then, their income was drastically reduced. Due to their short years of employment in Japan, the orphans only received the average ¥30,000 to ¥50,000 (US$273— US$455) private pensions (kōsei nenkin or the “employee’s pension insurance”) per month. In fact, many of them did not receive any private pension benefits. Similarly, due to the insufficient years of premium payment, the orphans did not receive the public pension (kokumin nenkin), called the “basic pension for the elderly” (rōrei kiso nenkin), which is equivalent to the U.S. Social Security pension. Worse, many orphans ended up losing all the premiums paid since they had settled in Japan. To receive a full benefit of ¥66,008 (US$600) per month payable from age sixty-five, pensioners must have paid monthly premiums for at least twenty-five years from ages between twenty and sixty. The monthly premium as of January 2008 was ¥14,410 (US$131). Consequently, the orphans could not sustain their living after retirement and were obliged to live on welfare.1KeywordsFoster ParentJapanese GovernmentWelfare BenefitLiberal Democratic PartyPublic PensionThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

In Turkey, although the social security of the disadvantaged, elderly and/or individuals with disabilities take place within the non-contributory system and them having the same requirements to claim their monthly payments, the amount of individuals with disabilities’ Monthly Payments which were paid until June 2018 have always exceeded the Elderly Persons’ Monthly Premiums. In contrast, afterwards the 2016 amendment, the individuals with disabilities have faced injustice with the “per capita income” principle, which was implemented in favor of the elderly. With this study, we aim to emphasize that with the adoption of the Individuals with Disabilities' Law of 2005, the conditions and amount of premiums to claim Elderly and Individuals with Disabilities’ Monthly Benefits are inconsistent with the social justice principle. Thus, we state that the amount of monthly payments paid to the disadvantaged elderly people and individuals with disabilities are insufficient to have them reach the minimum living standards. Accordingly, it became evident that to fulfill the social justice principle in paying the elderly and individuals with disabilities’ monthly premiums within the non-contributory system in Turkey, indexation has to be carried at 40% rate of the “per capita net income”.

We examined the impact of household income on the use of medical services in Japan, where there is a "health care for all" policy, with important, centralized influence by the national government designed to ensure universal access. All healthcare societies operating in 2003 were included in the study, representing 14,776,193 insured adults and 15,496,752 insured dependents. The mean case rate (the average number of monthly bills per patient), the mean number of service days per person, and the mean medical cost per person served as indicators of medical service use. Multiple regression analysis was performed by the forced entry method using case rate, the number of service days, and medical cost as outcome variables, and average monthly salary, dependent ratio, average age, and premium rate as the explanatory variables. In the multiple regression analyses, average monthly salary showed a high positive correlation of outpatient and dental indicators, including case rate, the number of service days, and medical cost. If the average monthly salary were reduced 20 percent lower than the mean, the estimated changes (95 percent CI) in case rate for the insured were -7.49 (-8.14 approximately -6.84) percent for outpatient visits and -8.16 (-8.77 approximately -7.56) percent for dental services. Average monthly salary intensifies the effects of copayments on the case rate, the number of service days, and medical cost in the "Employees Health Insurance" in Japan. Thus, a low salary appears to discourage patients from seeking medical and dental services.

In the last few years, the global insurance market has shown a trend of concentration growth, which was conditioned by the processes of mergers and acquisitions in insurance. The aim of this paper is to make a comparative analysis of insurance premiums in Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Dynamic analysis of market concentration indicators calculated on the basis of absolute amounts of premiums indicates that the insurance market in Bosnia and Herzegovina is characterized by low concentrated supply, i.e. there is greater equality of market share in relation to high inequality and high concentration among market participants in the insurance sector of the Republic of Serbia. Having applied the multi-linear regression model in order to analyze the impact of selected macroeconomic indicators on the amount of insurance premiums in the period 2000-2017, it can be concluded that the greatest impact on the amount of the premium in Bosnia and Herzegovina had Gross Domestic Income and Wage and Salaries Workers. In the Republic of Serbia, the greatest influence on the amount of premium in the observed period had the Average Net Salary, Households and Final Consumption Expenditure and Gross Domestic Income.

Reduce Healthcare Costs with Employee Cooperation

The rapid development of modern self-employment, the massive transition from employment to self-employment and vice versa is a challenge for traditional pension systems. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) responded by adopting compulsory state pension schemes for the self-employed shared with employees. Russia following global trends with a small-time lag, unlike others, provides an unconditional guarantee of social pensions. It is all the more important to study the advanced international experience in attracting the self-employed to pension insurance. This is the aim of the study. Research tasks are as follows: to identify different approaches to organizing pension insurance for the self-employed across OECD countries, to examine the mechanisms and factors arising, and to evaluate their performance. The research method is cluster analysis of the generated self-employed pensions parametric indicators database according to OECD data (2019–2021) (18 indicators as part of clustering, architecture, finance, performance factors) for 28 countries. The study identifies 3 clusters (approaches) to the organization of pension provision for the self-employed: 1 — employee-like mandatory contributions to state pension schemes; 2 — mandatory contributions with advantages; 3 — voluntary pension contributions with advantages. In general, none of the approaches can be called “the best”. The effectiveness of pension decreases with any form of low-income self-employed inclusion in income-based pension schemes, as well as dependent self-employment. The author concludes that for Russia alternative options for self-employed pensions are quasi-mandatory pension insurance, self-employed employee-like participation in voluntary funded pension schemes only, state co-financing, practical training in financial literacy without going into the depth of financial knowledge. Discussion for further research is a detailed study of the application of the results into self-employed pension insurance practice in Russia.

The formation of the internal supply of the main types of animal husbandry products in Ukraine is characterized by many features compared to other areas of economic activity, namely, technological aspects of animal breeding, their slaughter and processing into goods ready for consumption, the duration of the reproduction cycle and production flexibility, as well as the structure of production according to the main categories of farms. The article examines the elasticity of the domestic supply of the main types of livestock production per capita in Ukraine by income and price based on statistical information on the volume of production in farms of all categories, the dynamics of retail prices, and average wages. The production volume of the main types of animal husbandry products in Ukraine was analyzed for 2017-2023. The dynamics of the average retail prices of the main types of animal husbandry products and the average wage in Ukraine were also studied to determine the corresponding elasticity coefficients. Based on statistical research methods, in particular, correlation-regression analysis, the influence of the selling price and the average wage on the domestic volume of supply of the main types of livestock products per 1 person in Ukraine was determined, and the relationships between the variables and the effective indicator of the volume of domestic supply were established. The average elasticity of the supply of the main types of livestock products by price and average salary in Ukraine for 2017-2023 was determined. According to the study results, it was established that the supply by the price of the main types of livestock products per 1 inhabitant during the researched period is not elastic and is generally from -0.05 for beef to 0.71 for pork. The income offered is also characterized by a lack of elasticity, considering the value of coefficients from 0.05 – for beef to 0.26 – for poultry meat. It was determined that a 1% change in supply accounts for an average of 1.33-4.3% change in sales price, depending on the type of livestock production in Ukraine during the studied period.

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Introduction. The study is devoted to determining the level of pension provision of rural population in Ukraine. Today, the problem of effective retirement provision is the most acute in our country. After all, the solution to this problem is connected with the important task - ensuring social protection of the population. Methods. Various economic methods, special economic literature, and the scientific works of domestic and foreign scientists related to social protection of the population and pension insurance are used in carrying out the research. The information base is the relevant regulatory documents governing the functioning of the national pension system, as well as the Internet sites of the Main Directorate of the Pension Fund of Ukraine, State Statistics Service and the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. Results. The current state of the functioning of the national pension system has been assessed and the level of pension coverage for Ukrainian pensioners has been determined. Particular attention is paid to the state of pension provision of pensioners in rural areas; the dynamics of changes in their number over the study period is analysed. The tendencies of growth of wages and pension payments of the rural population are determined; the factors influencing them are analysed. The analysis of the replacement rate showed the relationship between the average pension and the average salary in the country for the study period; features that influenced the value of this indicator in the agrarian sector are noted. Discussions. Given the level of pension provision for Ukrainian pensioners, there is a need for pension reform. The size of pension payments is much lower compared to most European countries and does not meet generally accepted international standards. A particularly low level of pension payments is observed among the rural population. It has been for many years lower than the national average. In this regard, the issue of pension provision for the rural population requires additional study. The necessity of simultaneous use of all three levels of the domestic pension system, the importance of the use of funded pension programs for the population is substantiated.

The economic factor and its strong influence is determined mainly by the funds received from social security contributions in the social security system, by the number of persons employed, by the pension costs and the amount of the maximum social security income, as well as by the average monthly salary. Funds allocated to pensions are a major economic factor that has a major impact on the social security system. The more money is spent on pensions, the greater the negative financial effect on the social security system. The unfavorable demographic trends and the aging of the population in Bulgaria have led to higher pension expenditures. The purpose of the report is to show the great importance of the economic factor as an essential element of the social security system. The funds allocated for pensions in the social security system are essential. As the population ages, pension costs increase, so does the burden on the social security system. The current social security system is based on three pillars - mandatory pension insurance, mandatory supplementary and supplementary voluntary pension insurance. Compulsory pension insurance is in fact a continuation of the previously operating pension system, based on the pay-as-you-go system, with modifications to somehow link people's contributions to the pensions received. The insured pay social security contributions, which are distributed and paid in the form of a pension to the disabled. Compulsory supplementary pension insurance is the second pillar of the system and is based on the so-called funds or capital principle. The contributions of the insured persons are transferred to pension funds, which invest the resources in investment instruments. As it has already become clear, the three-pillar model in Bulgaria is a mix of the cost-covering and capital models. The problems in these models quite naturally have an impact on the chosen three-pillar model in Bulgaria. The main idea behind the cost-covering model is that working young people contribute to the pension system and these contributions are used to pay the pensions of the currently disabled. The model can be considered as a kind of social transfer of resources between generations. Young people work and pay a "social tax", and the disabled receive an income (pension) that provides them with consumption. The results show that more and more funds are needed for the social security system, which are obtained through grants from the national budget.

The article examines the theoretical problems of reforming pension systems, taking into account the experience of developed countries. Attention is focused on the problems of population aging and increasing demographic burden on the working population. The variety of approaches to the formation of the pension insurance system is analyzed. The relevance of the inclusion of indicators of the theoretical percentage of replacement of labor income by pension and the aggregate percentage of replacement for the modeling of the three-level pension system is emphasized. The problem of pension provision for citizens is particularly relevant for Ukraine, which has been experiencing a steady depopulation of the population for the past 30 years. Under such circumstances, it is very relevant to study theoretical justifications and statistical measurements, generalize the experience of developed countries, take into account the variety of approaches and develop national priorities and directions for reforming the pension system of Ukraine. Demographic changes present pension systems with complex issues of ensuring the fairness and adequacy of pension payments, the sustainability of the systems themselves, and achieving intergenerational equality. The degree of implementation of the function of smoothing citizens' incomes after the termination of employment by various pension systems is partially characterized by the indicator of the theoretical percentage of replacement of labor income by pension (TRR). The replacement rate shows the estimated amount of the hypothetical pension of an employee with an average salary during the first year after the appointment of a pension compared to the earnings before retirement in the base case (with a 40-year career and retirement at the official retirement age). Another possible indicator of the level of pension provision — the aggregated replacement rate (ARR) — shows the ratio of the median income of persons of the retirement age group to the median income from work of the population of the pre-retirement decade. The trends of increasing the retirement age and the introduction of various savings programs to increase personal interest in pension insurance are characteristic not only of countries with a high, but also with an average and below-average level of economic development. Keywords: population aging, demographic burden, pension systems, theoretical percentage of labor income by pension replacement, aggregated percentage of replacement.

Insurance premiums are a sum of money that must be paid by participants of life insurance programs to insurance companies to compensate for losses suffered by participants. The amount of the premium must be in accordance with the sum insured to be received, so that the insurance company has enough money to replace the losses suffered by its customers. In determining the premiums also should not be too large, because it can burden the insurance program customers. Therefore it is necessary to do an analysis to find out the factors (gender, age, amount of coverage, occupation, method of payment of premiums, amount of premium, and type of insurance product) that affect the term of payment ability by the customer. The analysis conducted is using the Cox Proportional Hazard Model. The results obtained in this study are factors that have a significant effect on the period of ability to pay premiums, namely the amount of sum insured, profession and types of insurance product

Research on Socialization Problems of Endowment Insurance in China

Germany has long and firmly occupied a leading position in many issues: in the field of industry and entrepreneurship, culture and tourism, the introduction of advanced technologies and sports. Medical care is no exception. Most of the German population is insured by public health insurance companies. National health insurance in Germany, along with pension insurance, accident insurance, unemployment insurance and health care insurance, is a major component of the German social insurance system and one of the main links of the German health care system. The first law on compulsory health insurance for the working population came into force throughout Germany on June 15, 1883. Until this point, from April 1869, the law on health insurance was active only in Bavaria. These two laws essentially laid the foundations for the subsequent introduction of a compulsory health care system throughout the world. All policyholders with a state health insurance policy are entitled to almost the same range of medical services provided. The volume of medical care received under state health insurance does not depend on the amount of the insurance premium.