Abstract
Agricultural by-products have several disadvantages as fuel, such as low calorific values and high ash contents. To address these disadvantages, this study examined the mixing of agricultural by-products and spent coffee grounds, for use as a solid fuel, and the improvement of fuel characteristics through torrefaction. Pepper stems and spent coffee grounds were first dried to moisture contents of <15% and then combined, with mixing ratios varying from 9:1 to 6:4. Fuel pellets were produced from these mixtures using a commercial pelletiser, evaluated against various standards, and classified as grade A, B, or Bio-SRF. The optimal ratio of pepper stems to spent coffee grounds was determined to be 8:2. The pellets were torrefied to improve their fuel characteristics. Different torrefaction temperatures improved the mass yields of the pellets to between 50.87% and 88.27%. The calorific value increased from 19.9% to 26.8% at 290 °C. The optimal torrefaction temperature for coffee ground pellets was 230 °C, while for other pellets, it was 250 °C. This study provides basic information on the potential enhancement of agricultural by-products for fuel applications.
Highlights
IntroductionSignificant efforts have been made to reduce greenhouse gases in the atmosphere
In recent years, significant efforts have been made to reduce greenhouse gases in the atmosphere
In this study, unused agricultural by-product and spent coffee grounds, pepper stems, and waste coffee grounds were combined with different mixing ratios to produce six types of pellets
Summary
Significant efforts have been made to reduce greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. A previous study reported that waste coffee grounds oil; the calorific value (24.5 MJ/kg) of waste coffee grounds exceeds that of wood have excellent adsorption abilities [15] and can be used as wood adhesives. Liu et al reported that a ratio of 3:2 is the most optimal when pellets are made by mixing bamboo and rice husks [20] Against this backdrop, in this study, we were consider mixing and a torrefaction process for the effective utilisation of unused agricultural by-products and spent coffee ground as a possible fuel. In this study, unused agricultural by-product and spent coffee grounds, pepper stems, and waste coffee grounds were combined with different mixing ratios to produce six types of pellets. Elemental analysis and calorific value measurements were performed, and the properties of the torrefied agro-pellets were evaluated
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