Abstract
The new technical features and enhanced performance of the ID02 beamline with the Extremely Brilliant Source (EBS) at the ESRF are described. The beamline enables static and kinetic investigations of a broad range of systems from ångström to micrometre size scales and down to the sub-millisecond time range by combining different small-angle X-ray scattering techniques in a single instrument. In addition, a nearly coherent beam obtained in the high-resolution mode allows multispeckle X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy measurements down to the microsecond range over the ultra-small- and small-angle regions. While the scattering vector (of magnitude q) range covered is the same as before, 0.001 ≤ q ≤ 50 nm-1 for an X-ray wavelength of 1 Å, the EBS permits relaxation of the collimation conditions, thereby obtaining a higher flux throughput and lower background. In particular, a coherent photon flux in excess of 1012 photons s-1 can be routinely obtained, allowing dynamic studies of relatively dilute samples. The enhanced beam properties are complemented by advanced pixel-array detectors and high-throughput data reduction pipelines. All these developments together open new opportunities for structural, dynamic and kinetic investigations of out-of-equilibrium soft matter and biophysical systems.
Highlights
The new generation of synchrotrons based on multibend achromat storage-ring lattices have come into operation (Eriksson et al, 2014; Raimondi, 2016; Rodrigues et al, 2019)
The small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS)/ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering (USAXS)/X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS) detectors are enclosed within the wagon inside the detector tube and the wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) detector is installed outside the entrance cone of the tube in air
The fibrous carbon window separating the atmosphere in the wagon and the vacuum in the flight tube is the main source of secondary scattering. This was independently verified by the measurement of WAXS from the window material and the parasitic profile recorded by the FReLoN detector in the USAXS configuration without a beamstop
Summary
The new generation of synchrotrons based on multibend achromat storage-ring lattices have come into operation (Eriksson et al, 2014; Raimondi, 2016; Rodrigues et al, 2019). 55, 98–111 research papers investigation of soft matter and noncrystalline biological systems (Narayanan & Konovalov, 2020; Jeffries et al, 2021) These scattering methods offer high reciprocal-space and temporal resolutions simultaneously, which makes them suitable for investigations of transient processes. The technical features of the instrument cover a scattering vector range of 0.002 q 50 nmÀ1 typically with two sample-to-detector distances and a single beam setting for an X-ray wavelength () of 1 A [q is the magnitude of the scattering vector given by q 1⁄4 ð4=Þ sinð=2Þ, with the scattering angle] This broad q range spans in excess of four orders of magnitude in reciprocal-space dimension and, together with sub-millisecond time resolution, enables a wide range of dynamic studies from the molecular scale to the upper limit of colloidal dimensions. The high-resolution and coherence modes require tighter collimation but still with flux in excess of 1012 photons sÀ1
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