Abstract
Several countries have set ambitious targets for the transport sector that mandate a gradual increase in advanced biofuel content in the coming years. The current work addresses this transition and indicates two promising gasoline bio-blendstocks: Anisole and isobutanol. The whole value chains of these bio-components were considered, focusing on end-use performance, but also analyzing feedstock and its conversion, well-to wheel (WTW) greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and costs. Three alternative fuels, namely a ternary blend (15% anisole, 15% isobutanol, 70% fossil gasoline on an energy basis) and two binary blends (15% anisole with fossil gasoline and 30% isobutanol with fossil gasoline), were tested, focusing on their drop-in applicability in spark ignition (SI) engines. The formulated liquid fuels performed well and showed the potential to increase brake thermal efficiency (BTE) by 1.4% on average. Measured unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions were increased on average by 12–29% and 17–51%, respectively. However, HC and CO concentrations and exhaust temperatures were at acceptable levels for proper catalyst operation. The studied blends were estimated to bring 11–22% of WTW GHG emission reductions compared to base gasoline. Additionally, the fleet performance and benefits of flexi-fuel vehicles (FFV) were modeled for ternary blends.
Highlights
Transportation is a hard-to-abate sector that emitted roughly a quarter of global energy-related carbon dioxide (CO2 ) emissions in 2019 [1]
All three fuel components were completely miscible and no phase separation was observed in the analyzed blends in the concentration range studied
This is in conformity with the literature studies which revealed that higher (55%) isobutanol binary blends exhibit similar material compatibility to E10 gasoline [80]
Summary
Transportation is a hard-to-abate sector that emitted roughly a quarter of global energy-related carbon dioxide (CO2 ) emissions in 2019 [1]. Level, it accounted for 32% of EU-28 GHG emissions in 2017, while passenger cars were responsible for around 44% of transport emissions [2]. The light-duty vehicle (LDV) fleet in the EU is growing and cars fueled with gasoline or diesel cover over 95% of the market [3]. Currently sold vehicles [5,6] will make up an average fleet in 2030 and beyond, meaning that gasoline-fueled engines will still be highly represented on roads within the coming decades. It is evident that renewable gasoline bio-blendstocks will be needed to meet ambitious energy and climate targets. In the EU, provisions for the year 2030 are included in National Energy and Climate Plans [7]. In Finland, for instance, the renewable energy in transport should reach
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