Performance of a deformable image registration algorithm for CT and cone beam CT using physical multi-density geometric and digital anatomic phantoms

Abstract

To study the accuracy of deformable registration algorithm for CT and cone beam CT (CBCT) using a combination of physical and digital phantoms. The physical phantoms consisted of objects over a range of electron densities, shape and sizes. The system was tested for simple and complex scenarios including performance in the presence of metallic artefacts. Clinically present deformations were simulated using a set of five geometric and anatomic virtual phantoms. The system could not account for large changes in size, shape and Hounsfield units. Deformations of low intensity structures and small objects were highly inaccurate, and errors were prominent for volume reduction scenario than volume growth. The presence of artefacts did alter the performance of the algorithm. Objects of low density and that close to artefacts were affected the most. Overall, deformations to CBCT were poor. In virtual phantoms, the system could not handle gas pockets and deformation errors in inverse direction were higher than that in forward direction. The algorithm was tested for several non-clinical and clinical scenarios. The performance was acceptable for realistic and clinically present deformations. However, it is necessary to tread cautiously for structures with small volumes and large reductions in volume.