Abstract
The uncontainable future development of smart regions, as a set of smart cities’ networks assembled, is directly associated with a growing demand of full interactive and connected ubiquitous smart environments. To achieve this global connection goal, large numbers of transceivers and multiple wireless systems will be involved to provide user services and applications anytime and anyplace, regardless the devices, networks, or systems they use. Adequate, efficient and effective radio wave propagation tools, methodologies, and analyses in complex indoor and outdoor environments are crucially required to prevent communication limitations such as coverage, capacity, speed, or channel interferences due to high-node density or channel restrictions. In this work, radio wave propagation characterization in an urban indoor and outdoor wireless sensor network environment has been assessed, at ISM 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz frequency bands. The selected scenario is an auditorium placed in an open free city area surrounded by inhomogeneous vegetation. User density within the scenario, in terms of inherent transceivers density, poses challenges in overall system operation, given by multiple node operation which increases overall interference levels. By means of an in-house developed 3D ray launching (3D-RL) algorithm with hybrid code operation, the impact of variable density wireless sensor network operation is presented, providing coverage/capacity estimations, interference estimation, device level performance and precise characterization of multipath propagation components in terms of received power levels and time domain characteristics. This analysis and the proposed simulation methodology, can lead in an adequate interference characterization extensible to a wide range of scenarios, considering conventional transceivers as well as wearables, which provide suitable information for the overall network performance in crowded indoor and outdoor complex heterogeneous environments.
Highlights
The notion of a smart world, with the aid of smart devices, smartphones, smart cars, smart homes, and smart cities, the paradigm of smart everything, has been a vigorously researched topic for many years
We present a deterministic technique to model electromagnetic propagation in high node density scenarios, an in-house 3D ray-launching (3D-RL) algorithm, based on geometrical optics (GO), geometrical theory of diffraction (GTD), and its extension the uniform theory of diffraction (UTD)
It can be seen a good match between simulation and measurements with a mean error of 0.95 dB and standard deviation of 0.92 dB
Summary
The notion of a smart world, with the aid of smart devices, smartphones, smart cars, smart homes, and smart cities, the paradigm of smart everything, has been a vigorously researched topic for many years. That means that billions of devices will be connected by 2020 to build the aforementioned smart city concept, which can range from end-user devices or wearables to vehicular communication systems, water and gas monitoring, smart lightning, structural monitoring, or smart healthcare systems, among others [10]. These solutions involve a high-density node environment, which in turn requires smaller outdoor and indoor cells leading to heterogeneous networks (HetNet)
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