Performance and Gas Emissions Analysis on Four Stroke Diesel Engine with Multi-Feedstock Biodiesel

The use of fossil fuel is increasing drastically due to its consumption in all consumer activities. The utility of fossil fuel depleted its existence, degraded the environment and led to reduction in underground carbon resources. Hence the search for alternative fuels is paying attention for making sustainable development, energy conservation, efficiency and environmental preservation. The worldwide reduction of underground carbon resources can be substituted by the bio-fuels. The researchers around the world are finding the alternate fuel that should have the least impact on the environment degradation. This paper aims at finding an alternative for diesel and reducing the pressure on its existing demand. This study aimed at using two types of oil mixtures namely cashew nut shell oil and camphor oil mixed with diesel, turpentine oil mixed with diesel in different proportions as fuel in twin cylinder four stroke diesel engine. Performance and emission analysis have been performed by using exhaust gas analyzer in the oil samples. It was observed that 40% cashew nut shell oil and 10%camphor oil mixed with 50% diesel, 50% turpentine oil mixed with 50% diesel shows the better engine performance and also less emissions.

Increase in energy demand, stringent emission norms and depletion of oil resources led to the discovery of alternative fuels forinternal combustion engines. Many alternative fuels like alcohols, petroleum gas, and compressed natural gas have been alreadycommercialized in the transport sector. In the present work, Pongomia oil and Neem oil are blended with diesel and used as analternate fuel for CI engines. The Pongomia oil and Neem oil can be converted into bio diesel using a chemical process of trans- esterification.Different proportions of fuel blends have been produced by the process of blending bio diesel consisting of 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30% (B10, B15, B20, B25, B30). The fuel properties of each blend are determined. The load test along with smoke and exhaust gas analysis of 4- Stroke Diesel engine using the blends of Pongomia oil and Neem oil with diesel are done in this study. The performance parameters of an engine are calculated for different blends. The sustainability of using alternate fuels in Diesel engines, especially the potential use of Pongomia oil and Neem oil as biodiesel have been brought to the fore through this work and suitable blends of bio diesel is suggested from the results.
 Keywords: 4-Stroke Diesel Engine, Pongomia and Neem oil Bo diesel, Performance, Smoke and exhaust gas analysis.

Increasing number of automobiles has led to increase in demand of fossil fuels (petroleum). The increasing cost of petroleum is another concern for developing countries as it will increase their import bill. The world is also presently confronted with the problem of fossil fuel depletion and environmental degradation. Fossil fuels have limited life and the ever increasing cost of these fuels has led to the search of alternative renewable fuels for ensuring energy security and environmental protection. In this project an experimental work has been carried out to estimate the performance and emission analysis of a single cylinder four stroke diesel engine with sun flower oil and diesel blends. Tests have been conducted using the bio diesel blends B10, B20, B30 and B100 Bio diesel with standard diesel at an engine speed 1500rpm at different load conditions. The performance parameters include Brake thermal efficiency (BTE), Specific fuel consumption (SFC) and Exhaust gas temperature. The combustion parameters include Heat release rate and Cylinder pressure. The exhaust gas emission is found to contain Carbon monoxide (CO), Hydro Carbon (HC), Nitrogen oxides (NOx) and Smoke density. The results of the experimental works have been compared with different blends of bio diesel. Keywords- Biodiesel, Sunflower oil, Performance, Combustion, Emission. I. INTRODUCTON Increasing number of automobiles has led to increase in demand of fossil fuels (petroleum). The increasing cost of petroleum is another concern for developing countries as it will increase their import bill. The world is also presently confronted with the problem of fossil fuel depletion and environmental degradation. Fossil fuels have limited life and the ever increasing cost of these fuels has led to the search of alternative renewable fuels for ensuring energy security and environmental protection. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of sunflower oil biodiesel fuels on engine performance and to investigate the effect of emission in sunflower oil on engine performance. A single cylinder, 4 stroke, direct injection diesel engine has been used to measure the general performance of biodiesel and traditional Diesel. Diesel engines are used in agriculture, transportation, and industries. The known petroleum reserves are predicted to become depleted in the near future. Emissions from petroleum diesel exert negative effects on the environment. The drive towards clean energy economy is therefore both indispensable and inevitable. Biodiesel is an attractive alternative to fossil fuels; it is biodegradable, non-toxic and has low emission profiles as compared to petroleum fuels. Biodiesel is carbon-neutral. The amount released CO2 by burning biodiesel is the same amount CO2 absorbed during the formation of the raw material. 1.1 BIODIESEL Biodiesel as a vegetable oil, biodegradable and nontoxic, has low emission profiles and so is environmentally beneficial. Biodiesel is a chemically produced vegetable oil to replace the traditional Diesel fuel. The chemical process is known as transesterfication and consists of treating vegetable oils, like soybean, sunflower and rapeseed, with reactants (methanol or ethanol) to obtain a methyl or ethyl ester and glycerol. In transesterfication, one ester is converted to another. The

Prediction of vibration and exhaust gas emission characteristics using palm oil with nano particle diesel fuel

Problem statement: The increasing awareness of the environmental hazards and the alarming levels of air pollution have led to more restrictive regulations on engines emission control in recent years. Approach: The dwindling resources and rising cost of crude oil had resulted in an intensified search for alternate fuels. In the present study biodiesel (palm oil methyl ester) blends with diesel was investigated in a direct injection stationary diesel engine. The stationary engine test bed used consists of a single-cylinder four stroke diesel engine, eddy current dynamometer with computer control data acquisition system and exhaust emissions analyzer. Results: Engine tests were conducted at constant speed using neat diesel fuel and various proportions of biodiesel blends. The exhaust emissions such as CO, HC and NOx were measured using exhaust gas analyzer. Performance characteristics like brake thermal efficiency and specific fuel consumption were recorded. The differences in the measured emissions and performance of the biodiesel-diesel fuel blends from the baseline operation of the engine, i.e., when working with neat diesel fuel were determined and compared. Conclusion: It is concluded that the lower blends of biodiesel increased the brake thermal efficiency and reduced the fuel consumption. Biodiesel blends produces lower engine emissions than diesel. From the result, it has been established that 20-40% of palm oil biodiesel can be use as a substitute for diesel without any engine modifications.

Experimental analysis on performance of diesel engine using mixture of diesel and bio-diesel as a working fuel with aluminum oxide nanoparticle additive

Internal combustion engine alternative fuels were discovered as a result of rising energy demand, stricter emission regulations, and the depletion of oil reserves. Many alternative fuels, have already achieved widespread commercialization in the transportation industry. Palm oil is combined with diesel in the current work and utilised as an alternative fuel for CI engines. Using a chemical procedure known as trans-esterification, palm oil can be transformed into bio diesel. Blending has resulted in the creation of fuel blends with various ratios. Each mix is evaluated for its fuel qualities. When employing diesel and palm oil blends in 4-stroke diesel engines, load test analysis is completed. The engine's performance metrics are estimated based on experimental observations of the engine and are then contrasted for various mixes. This investigation has highlighted the viability of employing alternative fuels in diesel engines, particularly the potential usage of palm oil as biodiesel.

Petroleum is the main source of energy in everyday life, especially in the transportation sector. However, with the decreasing availability of petroleum, alternative renewable fuels, such as biodiesel, are needed. This research focuses on the production of multi-feedstock biodiesel using esterification and transesterification methods using palm oil, used cooking oil, and sunflower oil as feedstocks, as well as NaOH and methanol catalysts. Palm oil is abundant and economical in Indonesia, making it an affordable and readily available option. Used cooking oil, which is widely available as waste, can reduce waste and lower biodiesel production costs. Sunflower oil, although more expensive, has good physical and chemical properties for biodiesel, thus improving the quality when blended with other oils. These biodiesel blends were then mixed with HSD (Pertamina Dex) to produce B20, B35, and B100 fuels. Tests were conducted on a four-stroke diesel engine with lamp loads of 2000 watts, 3000 watts, and 4000 watts and engine speed variations of 1000 rpm, 1200 rpm, and 1400 rpm. The test results showed that B100 (100% multi-feedstock biodiesel) had the highest power and torque values at all variations, indicating the most optimal working performance. On the other hand, Pertamina Dex produced the lowest gsfc values at all variations, indicating the best fuel efficiency.

Energy, exergy and emission analysis on a DI single cylinder diesel engine using pyrolytic waste plastic oil diesel blend

Simple SummaryThe utilization of tannin in mitigating enteric methane suffers a setback in terms of dietary intake and digestibility because of the tannin’s astringency and instability in the gastrointestinal tract. Microencapsulation of tannin using lipids could mask its bitter taste and ensure its controlled release at the target site. This study aimed to encapsulate Acacia mearnsii tannin extract with palm and sunflower oils, and to evaluate the efficacy of the encapsulated tannins with regards to encapsulation efficiency, density, and release of tannin in media, simulating the rumen, abomasum and the small intestine. Mimosa tannin was encapsulated in palm oil or sunflower oil using a double emulsion method. The findings showed that encapsulated mimosa tannins in the palm oil and sunflower oil had high encapsulation efficiencies with smaller sizes and were lower in density compared to the unencapsulated mimosa tannin. The amount of tannins released by the unencapsulated tannin after 24 h in rumen (94%), abomasum (92%) and small intestine (96%) simulated buffers, were reduced to 24%, 21% and 19%, respectively, for the sunflower oil microparticle and 18%, 20% and 16%, respectively, for the palm oil microparticle in the same buffers and periods. Palm oil and sunflower oil successfully encapsulated the mimosa tannin and controlled its release in the gastrointestinal tract simulated media without compromising rumen fermentation.Tannin has gained wider acceptance as a dietary supplement in contemporary animal nutrition investigations because of its potential to reduce enteric methane emission. However, a major drawback to dietary tannin intake is the bitter taste and instability in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). The utilization of fats as coating materials will ensure appropriate masking of the tannin’s aversive taste and its delivery to the target site. The aims of this study were to encapsulate mimosa tannin with palm oil or sunflower oil, and to assess the microcapsules in terms of encapsulation efficiency, morphology, density, and in vitro release of tannin in media simulating the rumen (pH 5.6), abomasum (pH 2.9) and small intestine (pH 7.4). The microencapsulation of mimosa tannin in palm or sunflower oils was accomplished using a double emulsion technique. The results revealed that encapsulated mimosa tannins in palm oil (EMTP) and sunflower oil (EMTS) had high yields (59% vs. 58%) and encapsulation efficiencies (70% vs. 68%), respectively. Compared to unencapsulated mimosa tannin (UMT), the morphology showed that the encapsulated tannins were smaller in size and spherical in shape. The UMT had (p < 0.01) higher particle density (1.44 g/cm3) compared to 1.22 g/cm3 and 1.21 g/cm3 for the EMTS and EMTP, respectively. The proportion of tannins released by the UMT after 24 h in the rumen (94%), abomasum (92%) and small intestine (96%) simulated buffers, reduced (p < 0.01) to 24%, 21% and 19% for the EMTS and 18%, 20% and 16% for the EMTP in similar media and timeframe. The release kinetics for the encapsulated tannins was slow and steady, thus, best fitted by the Higuchi model while the UMT dissolved quickly, hence, only fitted to a First order model. Sequential tannin release also indicated that the EMTS and EMTP were stable across the GIT. It was concluded that the microencapsulation of mimosa tannin in palm or sunflower oils stabilized tannins release in the GIT simulated buffers with the potential to modify rumen fermentation. Further studies should be conducted on the palm and sunflower oils microcapsules’ lipid stability, fatty acid transfer rate in the GIT and antioxidant properties of the encapsulated tannins.

Currently, the research results on the use of mixtures of biofuels with fossil fuels to power diesel engines are controversial in terms of reducing emissions of CO and HC which are contained in the exhaust gases of diesel engines. The diversity of the results is due to possibly different type of biodiesel used, the type of engine on which the tests were carried out and the methods and conditions for obtaining these results. Therefore, researches on regular diesel - biodiesel mixtures in various ratio is still a matter of study. In this regard, we conducted a laboratory study on a 4-stroke diesel engine, by using different mixtures (10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40 and 50%) of diesel with biodiesel made from rapeseed oil. The study results reveals that the CO and HC emissions will decrease within creasing load. Also, the HC emissions and CO emissions when using mixtures of 10% and 15% are lower than the same emissions produced when the engine is powered with diesel.

Depleting petroleum reserves on the earth and increasing concerns about the environment leads to the question for fuels which are eco-friendly safer for human beings. The objective of present study was to investigate the effect of coating on cylinder head of a Diesel engine on the performance and emission characteristics of exhaust gases using Bio Diesel and High Speed Diesel (HSD) as a fuel. In this study the effect of Tin and Hard Chrome coating on the performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine was investigated using Bio Diesel and High Speed Diesel as a fuel. For this purpose the cylinder head of the test engine were coated with a Tin and Hard Chrome of 100 μ thick by the Electroplating method. For comparing the performance of the engine with coated components with the base engine, readings were taken before and after coating. To make the diesel engine to work with Bio Diesel and High Speed Diesel a modification was done. The engine’s performance was studied for both Bio Diesel and High Speed Diesel with and without Tin, Hard Chrome coating. Also the emissions values are recorded to study the engine’s behavior on emissions. Satisfactory performance was obtained with Tin and Hard Chrome coating compared with a standard diesel engine. The brake thermal efficiency was increased up to 2.08% for High Speed Diesel with Tin coating and there was a significant reduction in the specific fuel consumption. The CO emission in the engine exhaust decreases with coating. Using Bio Diesel and High Speed Diesel fuel for a LHR diesel engine causes an improvement in the performance characteristics and significant reduction in exhaust emissions.

Palm oil is a common cooking ingredient used in the commercial food industry as the second largest consumed vegetable oil in the world. Because of its lower cost and highly saturated nature, it usually maintains a solid form at room temperature and is used as a cheap substitute for butter. However, there has been a growing health concern about palm oil because of the link between dietary fats and coronary heart disease. Palm oil contains ∼49% saturated fat, a relatively high concentration compared with other vegetable oils. Consequently, high intakes of saturated fat from palm oil induce a larger increase in plasma concentrations of total cholesterol and low-density lipoproteins. In the present study, we examined the hyperlipidemia of palm oil and the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) using a rat model in comparison with sunflower oil with a relatively low level of saturated fat. On in vivo examination using Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats for 22 days, there were no significant differences in serum lipid levels, suggesting that palm oil may not cause hyperlipidemia and elevate CVD risk. However, liver samples obtained from SD rats fed with palm oil showed a lot of large lipid inclusions stained with the Oil Red O working solution, but not much lipid accumulation was observed in rats treated with sunflower oil. In addition, lipid accumulation in the mixed oil group fed the combination of palm and sunflower (1:1) oil was shown to be at an intermediary level between the palm oil group and sunflower oil group. Taken together, these results indicate that palm oil, a highly saturated form of vegetable oil, may induce dysfunction of the liver lipid metabolism before affecting serum lipid levels. On the other hand, sunflower oil, a highly unsaturated vegetable oil, was shown to be well metabolized in liver.

Depletion of petroleum reserves causing scarcity and higher prices has lead to the rise of biodiesel fuel as a renewable alternative fuel source for diesel engine. Biodiesel has higher viscosity and flash point compared to that of diesel that it influences the combustion process in diesel engine. This research aims finding out the effect of integration of magnetic field and heating techniques in biodiesel exhaust toward torque, power and fuel consumption of one-cylinder R 175-A diesel engine, with B5 biodiesel fuel (95% diesel + 5% biodiesel from used cooking oil), with varying engine rotation of 1200, 1500, 1700, 2100, and 2500 rpm, with temperature heater set to 70°C, and with magnetic field strength of 0.0314 Tesla. The results show that the effects of magnetic field and heater were able to increase the performance of the optimum torque engine obtained at 1700 rpm and with the highest optimum torque from the use of marketed biodiesel fuels market with magnetic field and heater was 17.16Nm. The use of both with B5 biodiesel fuel at maximum load produced power of 4.081kw at the highest at 2500 rpm engine speed. It is concluded that the application of both can reduce fuel consumption to 10%. The magnetic field and heater in the fuel line affect the torque, power and fuel consumption of one cylinder four stroke diesel engine.

Petroleum fuel is one of the fuels that is always used in combustion motors, especially in diesel engines so that abiotic natural resources are limited. Petroleum makes natural resources depleted, while transportation facilities and industrial activities are declining. One of them, the use of diesel, which is an abiotic natural resource that continuously in the transportation sector will one day run out, so the thing that needs to be considered is the alternative fuel that can be made, namely biodiesel. Biodiesel is a renewable fuel and is generally made from biological sources (vegetable and animal) and is environmentally friendly. Raw materials from biodiesel that can be used are palm oil, olive oil, canola oil, hazelnut oil, and castor seed oil. In this research I will classify these raw materials into 2 compositions of multi-feedstock.biodiesel. The first is Multi-feedstock 1 biodiesel contained from palm oil, olive oil and canola oil. Meanwhile, Multi-Feedstock 2 biodiesel contains palm oil, hazelnut oil, and castor seed oil. The two Multi-feedstock compositions will then be mixed with HSD (Pertamina Dex) so that they become B20, B35, and B100 fuel which will then be tested on Four Stroke Diesel Engines with different piston variations. Which later in this study will test with a flat piston chamber then continue using the LSCS piston chamber. For lamp loading, it uses 1000 watt and also data capture using engine rotation variations of 900 rpm, 950 rpm, 1000 rpm, and 1050 rpm.