Abstract
Discussions on farm animal welfare have become frequent, especially in developed countries. The aim of this research was to study the perception of fish sentience, welfare and slaughter by highly educated citizens from Bogotá, Colombia, and Curitiba, Brazil. An online survey with 12 questions presented as open-ended, multiple choice and 5-point Likert-type scale formats was available to respondents. Answers from 395 participants in Bogotá and 387 in Curitiba were analyzed, and results are presented in the order Bogotá followed by Curitiba. The percentage of participants who perceived fish as sentient animals was 79.7% and 71.8%. The classification of sentience perception among taxonomic groups seems in accordance with the phylogenetic proximity to humans, suggesting participants were more likely to perceive sentience in mammals than in other animals. The descending order related to the highest perception of fish suffering in different scenarios was fishing with hook and line (75.6%, 70.6%); municipal live fish fair (68.7%—only in Curitiba); fish-and-pay ponds (59.7%, 54.4%); fish kept as laboratory animals (58.0, 48.1%); fish farming (35.7, 36.8%); fish in pet stores (35.5%, 26.1%); production of ornamental fish (19.3%, 21.8%); fish in aquarium exhibits (18.8%,16.9%); and fish kept as pets (12.4%,12.3%). Lack of knowledge about the conditions of capture, handling, transport and sale of ornamental fish may justify the perception of low level of suffering in the last scenarios. Regarding humane slaughter, 57.0% and 55.0% of respondents were unaware of the issue. After reflection induced by the questionnaire, 76.0% and 72% of participants believed that fish should be included in humane slaughter regulations. This study presents original data suggesting that respondents from Bogotá and Curitiba consider fish as sentient beings. The perception of suffering in specific scenarios challenges common activities. Recognition of suffering also endorses humane slaughter regulations to reduce pain in a large number of individuals of fish slaughtered annually for human consumption in Colombia and Brazil.
Highlights
Debates on farm animal welfare have become frequent, especially in developed countries
What is the level of fish suffering in the following scenarios? Fish with hook and line; municipal live fish fair (*C); fish-and-pay ponds; fish kept as laboratory animals; fish farming; fish in pet stores; production of ornamental fish; fish in aquarium exhibits and fish kept as pets
Descending order of maximum perception of fish suffering, presenting Bogotaresults followed by Curitiba’s, was fishing with hook and line (75.6 and 70.6%); municipal live fish fair (68.7% only CWB); fish-and-pay pond (59.7 and 54.4%); fish kept as laboratory animals (58.0 and 48.1%); fish farming (35.7 and 36.8%); fish in pet stores (35.5 and 26.1%); production of ornamental fish (19.3 and 21.8%); fish in aquarium exhibits (18.8 and 16.9%) and fish kept as pets (12.4 and 12.3%)
Summary
Debates on farm animal welfare have become frequent, especially in developed countries. Citizens of developed countries have put pressure for higher animal welfare standards for sentient animals [1]. Broom defined a sentient animal as one that has some ability to: (i) evaluate the actions of others in relation to itself and third parties; (ii) remember some of its own actions and their consequences; (iii) assess risks and benefits; (iv) have some feelings; and (v) have some degree of awareness [2]. Webster defined that sentient animals are those that experience emotions associated with pleasure and suffering [3]. Fish have excellent long-term memories, develop complex traditions, show signs of Machiavellian intelligence, cooperate with and recognise one another and are even capable of tool use [12,15,16]. On balance, scientific evidence seems to suggest that fish are sentient beings
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