Percepción de elementos que influyen en la Cohesión Territorial: caso de Norcasia y Samaná (Caldas)

An analysis of territorial cohesion in the Colombian context: The case of the municipalities of the Caldas Department

This article presents an analysis of classical (“Old Public Administration”, “New Public Management”, “Good Governance”) and relatively new approaches in public administration (E-government, Digital Public Administration, client-centered, process and project approaches). The purpose of the study is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of each approach and explore how their combined use can lead to more effective delivery of public services. The study used the method of a systematic literature review of relevant scientific sources, followed by a comparative analysis of the key features and characteristics of each approach. The results of the analysis show that each approach has unique contributions and limitations, and their effectiveness depends on a number of contextual factors. Old Public Administration focuses on hierarchy, rules and procedures and is effective in ensuring administrative efficiency and accountability. New Public Management emphasizes market principles, such as results-based budgeting, decentralization and competition, and aims to improve efficiency, effectiveness. Good Governance emphasizes democratic values, transparency, accountability and citizen participation in decision-making processes. E-government and digital government approaches aim to use technology to improve the efficiency of government, accessibility and quality of public services. The customer-centered approach focuses on understanding the needs and preferences of citizens and providing customized services that meet their expectations. The process approach emphasizes the importance of systematic planning, implementation and evaluation of public policies and services to achieve the desired results. The project-based approach focuses on the use of project management principles, such as stakeholder engagement, risk management and performance monitoring, to implement complex public projects. The design and implementation of public policies and services must take into account the context, citizen needs and preferences, and broader societal interests. The study emphasizes the importance of continuous learning and adaptation in public administration to meet the changing challenges and needs of society. The study concludes that there is no one-size-fits-all approach to public administration, and a multifaceted approach is necessary for the effective and efficient functioning of the state apparatus.

BackgroundIn Latin America, interventions aimed at adolescents’ health suffer from a shortfall of investment and lack of sustainability. Nurses, as an integral part of health services and systems, can lead the implementation and development of public health policies to improve adolescent health.ObjectiveTo identify and analyze the role of nurses in the development and implementation of public policies and in the provision of health care to adolescents in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.MethodsThe research was carried out in three phases: a documentary analysis, an online survey, and semi-structured focus groups. A total of 48 documents were analyzed, 288 nurses participated in the survey, and 29 nurses participated in the focus groups.ResultsState policies aim to guarantee rights, with special protection for children and adolescents. It is an incremental process, with greater involvement of civil society and governments. Participants reported a lack of synergy between law and practice, as well as differences in regulatory compliance in rural areas and in populations of different ethnicities and cultures. Their perception was that the protection of adolescents is not specifically enshrined in the legal bases and regulatory structures of the countries, meaning that there are both protective factors and tensions in the regulatory framework. While nurses are highly committed to different actions aimed at adolescents, their participation in policy development and implementation is low, with barriers related to a lack of specialized training and working conditions.ConclusionsGiven nurses’ involvement in different actions aimed at adolescents, they could play a fundamental role in the development of policies for adolescents and ensure their effective implementation. Policymakers should consider revising the budget to make compliance viable, incorporating and using monitoring indicators, and increasing the involvement of educational institutions and the community.

The Federal Constitution of 1988 has in its body the so-called second dimension rights that aim to guarantee the dignity of the human person. However, when it comes to the homeless population, the reach of these rights, in practice, is distant or non-existent. The absence of official census data hinders the action of the State in the elaboration of effective public policies aimed at solving the various problems faced by individuals living on the streets, without guaranteeing the existential minimum. Given this scenario, the objective is to investigate the development, elaboration and implementation of public policies in the city of Campos dos Goytacazes for the homeless population, which aim to protect the minimum set of rights to have a decent life, reaffirming the importance existing policies or indicating the need for reformulation or the adoption of other measures that guarantee the minimum foreseen in the constitutional text.To achieve the objectives proposed in this research, the methodological procedures will start from a bibliographic, longitudinal, descriptive survey; legislative and jurisprudential analysis on the subject, in addition to a qualitative and quantitative approach, through the collection of primary and secondary data at the Human Development Department and Centro Pop, drawing up a profile of the homeless population in the studied municipality. The aim of this research is to systematize the theoretical framework and the actions of the State through laws, projects, decrees, ordinances on the homeless population and the implementation of public policies as a way to guarantee the existential minimum; proposition of viable solutions at the municipal level for the implementation of effective public policies for the multi-cited population, and elaboration of an article bringing together the results achieved by the studies carried out during the project.

Ineffective implementation of small-scale fisheries public policy seems to be related to existing institutional and legal arrangements, which affects the social and ecological sustainability of fishing communities in developing countries such as Brazil and the Latin American and Caribbean region more broadly. This dynamic has serious economic consequences for the sector, and, as a result, this lack of sustainability and institutional weakness can obstruct the implementation of public policies to enforce management measures. This chapter introduces a method of analysis and evaluation of Brazil’s institutional and legal framework for small-scale fisheries sustainability as a strategy to improve the development, control, and monitoring of fisheries rules and management measures at local, national, and regional levels. This framework is intended to facilitate the implementation of public policies for sustainable and responsible small-scale fishing. As a methodological approach, we argue that it is necessary to confront legal instruments and initiatives linked to fisheries at national and international levels, as well as the existing fisheries management system. This dynamic brings forth serious economic implications for the sector and, most significantly, may thwart the implementation of public policy intended to enforce measures needed for sustainable management. This analysis and evaluation of the Brazilian institutional and legal framework, although preliminary, is a proposition on the necessity to reach three goals for national management regimes: to stay attuned with international legal instruments, to examine existing small-scale fishing communities’ expectations and outlook, and to contribute to establishing an efficient and effective institutional and legal framework.

The era of decentralization (autonomization) has begun in Indonesia since 1999. Various public policies have been made to support the implementation of decentralization. Of the many public policies, there are those that have been successfully implemented, but not a few have experienced ineffectiveness to failure. Many studies reveal that social capital is one of the factors that supports the successful implementation of various public policies. However, there is still very little research that looks at the dark side (paradox) of social capital, which contributes to the ineffectiveness of the implementation of a public policy. This paper discusses the paradox of social capital that causes the ineffectiveness of the process of implementing a public policy. The various cases discussed in this paper show that local government as implementing institution face serious obstacles in implementing various public policies, when public policies collide with the values of social capital that are lived and trusted by the local community. The Tanimbar Islands are a small and poor regency in Maluku Province, which also experiences this problematic situation. This situation occurs when the applied public policies clash with reality regarding some forms (manifestations) of social capital found in the community, such as the cultural values of duan lolat, sweri practices, and communal lifestyles in tnyafar. By showing the case of the Tanimbar Islands, we can see the dark side of social capital in the implementation of public policies, which in the future, need to be resolved.

Territorial cohesion – a not-so-new buzz word used at the EU level is electrifying the community of politicians as well as researchers involved in regional policy and spatial planning. Territorial cohesion received particular attention when it was recognised, first in the constitutional Treaty and then in the Reform Treaty of Lisbon, as a Community objective equal in importance to economic and social cohesion. Territorial cohesion is an objective and a concept which has gained supporters with a variety of interests and views.2 One of its advantages certainly is that the term allows for coverage of a wider range of concerns. However, in putting them all together contradictions are emerging which are becoming most apparent when trying to measure territorial cohesion and decide on policy action. Territorial cohesion is certainly not a regulatory policy, but instead a redistributive policy in the wider sense.3 And thus some kind of norms and the deviation from these norms, generally understood as disparities, in our case disparities with regards to territory, have to be defined indicating the need for policy action. E. g., in EU cohesion policy the economic and social cohesion is measured by disparities of regional GDP per capita.4 Territorial cohesion seems to be a more complex matter and there are demands for examples of a territorial cohesion index.5 Identifying indicators support the clarification of a concept; but just what scope of indicators should be used to justify policy action with regard to territorial cohesion is not clear.

As a developing country, Brazil plays a fundamental role in reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) in the world. However, despite participating in several global agreements to reduce pollution levels, the country still needs to effectively implement existing policies. The creation of new mechanisms for sustainable development should be seen as essential to build a culture of preservation of the environment. Climate change influences the society directly, affecting millions of people worldwide due to prolonged droughts, excessive rainfall and snowfall, causing great damage. In this way, society, especially in developed countries, demands the implementation of public policies that provide environmental preservation together with economic development. This study analyzes the perspectives of implementation of public policies in Brazil, capable of promoting the interaction of sustainable development with environmental preservation. The majority of the Brazilian electricity matrix is constituted by hydroelectricity, but incentives exist for generating electricity from other renewable sources such as solar, wind, or the reuse of waste as biomass. The control of GHG emission levels is directly related to the type of energy sources used by a company. Great variations in the prices of these resources can reflect significantly on the cost of production, and in some cases, make the business impracticable. Considering the scenario where large pollutants and companies must set emission reduction targets, the creation of a system for trading greenhouse gas emissions would encourage other companies to reduce their emissions and trade these in a regulated market. This model is similar to the one established by the Kyoto Protocol and reproduced internally in countries such as the U.S.A. and China. New environmental policies, with financial incentives lead company managers to promote the reduction of GHG emissions through innovation/adaptation of processes and products. Economic development that focused on environmental preservation would then be fostered. This would promote the development of a new culture in society, where people would vigorously demand the implementation of green policies in companies. Brazil has the potential to maintain sustainable economic growth through the implementation of existing policies and the creation of new mechanisms, permitting the creation of an internal carbon market, which can also be connected to other markets already consolidated in the world.

Policy Implementation in a Frontier Region: the case of deforestation in the Amazon

ABSTRACTIn post-conflict and fragile contexts, one central aim of education is to prepare citizens to rebuild society and manage conflict. In this paper, we discuss the ways that citizenship education, students’ civic attitudes, and student civic practices vary across two post-conflict contexts in Africa: Liberia and Rwanda. First, we consider the historical and current complexities of citizenship education in these countries drawing on a post-colonial framework and Osler and Starkey’s three dimensions of citizenship. Next, we discuss survey and interview data from secondary students based on separate multi-level case studies in the respective countries. We note differences and similarities in student conceptions of good citizenship, civic identity, classroom climate, and civic engagement across the two countries, as well as variation by school type and gender. Some notable findings included less active conceptions of citizenship and openness to discussing controversial issues in Rwanda than in Liberia, and less participation in out of school activities among young women than young men. These and other results highlight differing contextual values of development, security, freedom of speech, and civic action and the overall importance of citizenship education in a post-conflict context.

For a long time, the support policies for Yunnan lanterns have been solidified and have not changed promptly with the progress of the times. In view of this dilemma, the study conducts an in-depth analysis on the role of public policy and implementation optimization in the communication of intangible cultural heritage brands, aiming at improving the communication effect of Yunnan Lantern, an intangible cultural heritage brand. Through analysis and research, it is found that the brand communication of intangible cultural heritage plays the role of planning and guidance, organization and coordination, and supervision and management. According to the role of public policy in the brand communication of intangible cultural heritage, this paper puts forward the implementation optimization strategy of public policy in the brand communication of Yunnan Lantern. Firstly, it is necessary to enhance the market awareness of Yunnan lanterns in public policies, clarify the role of local governments in the formulation and implementation of public policies, and ensure that the dominant position of the market in resource allocation is respected. Secondly, the governance of public policies should be innovated, and the scope of government role should be adjusted and policy formulation ideas should be transformed to meet the needs of Yunnan lantern brand communication in the new era. Finally, it is necessary to optimize the internal management of public policies, clarify the responsibilities of relevant departments, enhance the performance ability of policy execution departments, and ensure the effective implementation of Yunnan lantern brand communication public policies.


 Street - level bureaucrats are professionals whose main role consists in the implementation of public policies at a community level, guiding themselves through the use of autonomy and discretion.. In this narrative review of literature 44 articles that had information about street level bureaucracy regarding healthcare workers in the covid 19 pandemic in specific countries (China, United States, Italy, Brazil, Mexico and Colombia) were selected from various databases and analyzed to explore how the implementation of health public policies during the current COVID - 19 outbreak impacted and shaped the work of healthcare workers. Various ideas were extracted and analyzed using the street level bureaucracy model as a reference point. We concluded that street level bureaucrats have played a crucial role in this pandemic and that providing them with government support, clear public policies and enough resources is essential for them to correctly manage public health problems. Further research needs to be done regarding the consequences brought upon street level bureaucrats by the pandemic and the impact that street level bureaucrats have had in countries like Colombia. 

The transition to market-based democratic societies in Central and Eastern Europe has been guided by the overarching necessity to reduce the role of the state and unleash the power of the market forces to restructure and propel the struggling economies of the former socialist countries forward. According to the neoliberal ideology dominating the spirit of the transition period, the market is often viewed as the major (and quite frequently the only) agent of positive change while the role of the post-socialist governments is confined to curtailing their own influence, attracting capital, and making sure that it flows freely within the elements of the economic system. This view, however, which renders the post-1989 state governments as passive participants in the process of transition, could not be further from the truth. The formulation and implementation of public policies has been both the most difficult and the most critical component of social restructuring after the fall of the communist regime. The development of public consensus on the nature of reforms and the mechanisms of realizing their objectives have been the defining steps in the transformation of the post-socialist countries into market-based democracies. Urban development during the transition period has been profoundly impacted by the policy decisions adopted on national, regional, and local levels. The process of formulating the regulatory environment managing urban development in the post-socialist transition countries has not always been the most open and democratic, and many of the adopted policies have been rightly criticized as rather questionable in their intent. However, it would be quite erroneous to assume that since 1990 the urban environment in post-socialist Eastern Europe has evolved, by and large, spontaneously under the conditions of unregulated free market forces. Such market did not exist neither in the beginning of the transition period, nor does it exist today. The massive redistribution of assets (land, buildings, services) has been a result of the implementation of specific public policies guided by the regulatory frameworks set up in quickly evolving post-socialist legislative systems. The subsequent appropriation of urban space has been controlled and directed by

Public policies play a crucial role in facilitating and promoting foreign direct investments (FDI) within a nation. This study examines the influence of government policies on foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows and delineates essential approaches for fostering the attraction of international investors. This study identifies five primary elements that exert influence on foreign direct investment (FDI) through the implementation of public policies. These aspects include investment incentives, the regulatory environment, infrastructure development, political stability, and trade agreements. Through a comprehensive analysis of these elements, governments have the ability to formulate policies that effectively stimulate Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and foster substantial economic growth. The present analysis underscores the significance of a conducive investment environment, encompassing tax incentives, streamlined regulatory frameworks, and efficient infrastructure. The presence of political stability and a strong adherence to the rule of law creates a favorable and secure climate for potential investors. Finally, engaging in active involvement in international trade agreements has the potential to enhance market access and strengthen foreign direct investment (FDI). In summary, it can be argued that the implementation of effective public policies has the potential to greatly enhance foreign direct investment (FDI), hence stimulating economic growth and promoting international interconnectedness.

Mexico is experiencing a water crisis particularly in the central and northern regions of the country due to increasing droughts. Millions of liters of water are used by the processed food industry or soft drink or beer companies, the agricultural and livestock industry among others, these are the economic activities that consume the most water. Therefore, it is important that the water crisis experienced in Mexico should not be addressed based on the lack of rain, the implementation of effective public policies for the supply of water that respond to the expectations of the population should also be considered. Another aspect that must be taken into account is that the Mexican legislation that regulates the exploitation or use of national waters, as well as their distribution, control and preservation of their quantity and quality, has to be reviewed, renewed and adapted to the current needs of the country to guarantee the human right to water. In this context and using an inductive-deductive methodology, a documentary review of national and international legislation was carried out, as well as literature related to the water crisis affecting Mexico. In short, it is important to state that the management of water resources must be based on principles of solidarity, collective access and equity, which are by definition incompatible with any commercial approach motivated by private benefit and public benefit. Definitely, the implementation of public policies that effectively combat water scarcity in Mexico must be linked to the management, protection and infrastructure for the distribution and storage of water. This includes regulating water extraction and promoting sustainable practices in all sectors of the economy.