Abstract
ABSTRACT The unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic and Ukraine-Russian conflict have posed a huge threat to international tourists. Adopting protection motivation theory, this study investigated how mainland Chinese outbound tourists perceived three significant travel risks, namely, natural disasters, infectious diseases, and social instability. Confronted with travel risks, Chinese outbound tourists are very likely to change their travel plans. Notably, infectious diseases and social instability are the main concerns. A comparison of workers and non-workers, students perceived a higher magnitude of threat and response efficacy. Assistance from the Chinese government can significantly enhance tourists’ confidence to travel abroad. Implications are provided accordingly.
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