Abstract
Nature provides a variety of peptides that are expressed in most living species. Evolutionary pressure and natural selection have created and optimized these peptides to bind to receptors with high affinity. Hence, natural resources provide an abundant chemical space to be explored in peptide-based drug discovery. Marine peptides can be extracted by simple solvent extraction techniques. The advancement of analytical techniques has made it possible to obtain pure peptides from natural resources. Extracted peptides have been evaluated as possible therapeutic agents for a wide range of diseases, including antibacterial, antifungal, antidiabetic and anticancer activity as well as cardiovascular and neurotoxin activity. Although marine resources provide thousands of possible peptides, only a few peptides derived from marine sources have reached the pharmaceutical market. This review focuses on some of the peptides derived from marine sources in the past ten years and gives a brief review of those that are currently in clinical trials or on the market.
Highlights
Occurring peptides, including hormones, neurotransmitters, anti-infective agents, and growth factors, play a major role in human physiology
This is not a popular method of extraction of peptides from marine sources, authors have shown that fermentation is a simpler and cheaper method to produce peptides compared to protease degradation
Marine resources provide an abundant source for peptide extraction. These peptides have a wide variety of applications from pharmaceuticals to nutraceuticals
Summary
Occurring peptides, including hormones, neurotransmitters, anti-infective agents, and growth factors, play a major role in human physiology. Various possible chemical spaces of the peptide (different possible conformations that can be generated by functional groups in a peptide molecule by incorporating 20 amino acids with different side chains) can be put into practical use because of the ease of synthesis of peptides by solid-phase peptide synthesis Because of their natural ability to bind to protein receptors and the large available chemical space and few off-target effects, peptides can be used to design building blocks that are close in shape to agonist or antagonist binding sites of the receptor. Occurring peptides from marine sources may have modified structures in the backbone or side chain structure compared to peptides in humans because of the aggressive demands of their environment; they are suitable as scaffolds for drug design and provide stability against enzymes and thermal conditions. The association between marine organisms and microorganisms produces a diverse array of chemicals This symbiosis has created biochemical pathways in marine organisms and bacteria that result in the production of pharmaceutically applicable natural products.
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