Peningkatan Resiliensi Kelompok Petani Padi terhadap Banjir melalui Pemilihan Varietas di Desa Ciuyah, Kabupaten Cirebon

Communication is a daily activity that can never be separated from human life. Communication activities are exchanging messages with people we want to give messages to. So no wonder communication is also very important in the development of the agricultural world. In this study, the formulation of the problem studied is how the process of implementing farmer groups communication in Waihatu village, West Kairatu sub-district. What are the obstacles encountered by farmer group members in communicating with other farmer group members in Waihatu Village, West Kiaratu District. How is the solution to maintain the effectiveness of communication between members of farmer groups and other farmer groups in the village of Waihatu? with other farmer groups in Waihatu village, West Kairatu District. The purpose of this study was to describe the application of communication used by the rice farmer group of Waihatu Village, West Kairatu District. Then Identify the obstacles that are found in carrying out rice farmer group communication in Waihatu Village, Kairatu District.And Explain the strategies that are done to keep farmer group communication effective.The research method used is qualitative and quantitative research. Data collection is done by means of observation, documentation and interviews, and questionnaires then for data analysis techniques using SWOT Analysis Techniques to identify the problems studied. First, the application of communication carried out by the Waihatu Village rice farmer group, on the application of communication effectiveness which includes cognitive, affective, and behavioral aspects. The second obstacles found in the rice farmer group of Waihatu village itself in the form of technical, semantic, and psychological barriers.The third strategy in maintaining effective communication in the waihatu village farmer group is to increase meetings and cooperation between groups as well as the city government and the local agricultural office, increased knowledge also applies to farmers so that communication can be even more effective.

Organic rice farming is one of the crucial strategies to ensure food security in West Sumatra. However, the development of organic rice farming in West Sumatra has not progressed significantly. Only a few farmer groups apply for organic re-certification from the Organic Certification Institute. This study aims to analyze the institutional structure of farmer groups that have successfully maintained organic rice farming systems by examining farmer characteristics, group norms and rules, and social and cultural factors that influence the sustainability of organic rice farming systems. The study was conducted in Lima Puluh Kota Regency, West Sumatra. Three farmer groups were selected based on their current status of organic rice certification. This study used a multidimensional approach encompassing social, cultural, and economic aspects to assess the sustainability of organic rice farming. Data collection was carried out through a focus group discussion. The result showed that, though farmers' groups are certified, only a few members are implementing an organic rice farming system. However, they are still involved in making compost, natural pesticides, weeding and harvesting. This finding indicates that the main strength of these groups lies in bottom-up institutionalization and internal belief in organic values. Contribution to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs):SDG 2: Zero hungerSDG 12: Responsible consumption and productionSDG 10: Reduced InequalitiesSDG 17: Partnerships for the Goals

Organic rice farming is one of a crucial strategy to ensure food security in West Sumatra. However, the development of organic rice farming in West Sumatra has not progressed significantly. Only few farmer groups apply organic re-certification from the Organic Certification Institute. This study aims to analyse the institutional structure of farmer groups that have successfully maintained organic rice farming systems by examining farmer characteristics, group norms and rules, and social and cultural factors that influence the sustainability of organic rice farming systems. The study was conducted in Lima Puluh Kota Regency, West Sumatra. Three farmers groups were selected based on their current status of organic rice certification. This study used a multidimensional approach encompassing social, cultural, and economic aspects to assess the sustainability of organic rice farming. Data collection was carried out through Focus Group Discussion. The result showed that, though farmers' groups are certified, only a few members are implementing an organic rice farming system. However, they still involve in making compost, natural pesticides, weeding and harvesting. This finding indicates that the main strength of these groups lies in bottom-up institutionalisation and internal belief in organic values. Contribution to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs):SDG 2: Zero hungerSDG 12: Responsible consumption and productionSDG 10: Reduced InequalitiesSDG 17: Partnerships for the Goals

Factors influencing participation in collective marketing through organic rice farmer groups in northeast Thailand

The Green Revolutions failure caused many farmer groups to cease their activities, even though they had to fulfill many needs. This situation created a need to develop a model for group survival. With those afore mentioned background, this research was conducted. Data was collected in September and October 2005 involving rice, soybean, corn and vegetables farmer groups in the east, central and west Java. The research findings pointed out that there was a relationship between the group survival and their adaptation, goal attainment, integration and latency functions. The group survival rates were higher in central and east Java than in west Java. Additionally, the vegetable and rice farmer group survival rates were higher than the soybean and corn farmer groups. The adaptation, the goal attainment and the integration functions were more strategic for farmer groups in the west and east Java and also for vegetable farmer groups such as soybean and corn group wereas the strategic function were adaptation and integration.

The limitations of subsidized fertilizers have an impact on lowland rice production. This study aims to analyze the behavior of rice farmer group in overcoming the scarcity of subsidized fertilizers. The research was conducted in April-May 2022 in Trimurjo District, Central Lampung Regency. Respondent are some organizer in 15 rice farmers group that is chosen by using stratified random sampling technique. Data was collected through interviews using structured questionnaires to 15 samples of rice farmer groups. The analysis data was done descriptively. The results show that there are differences in farmers group behavior to overcome the scarcity of subsidized fertilizers. Beginner and upper class of farmer groups have moderate to skills and attitudes, but have not been able to facilitate their members in overcoming the scarcity of subsidized fertilizers while intermediate class of farmer groups have very good behavior that is demonstrated by the ability of farmer groups to look for subsidized fertilizers, to collaborate with alternative fertilizer producers and to produce organic fertilizers as an alternative to supplying fertilizers. It is important for government to improve agriculture extension role as facilitator in order to increase the capability of farmer’s group in overcoming the scarcity of subsidized fertilizers.

The government launched the Kartu Tani program to ensure a more accurate distribution of subsidised fertiliser. However, its implementation has faced several challenges, including low uptake of subsidised fertilisers by farmers. Previous studies indicate that farmers' responses to the Kartu Tani program have been less favorable. This study aims to analyse the relationship between agricultural extension activities and farmers' cognitive, affective, and conative responses in using the Kartu Tani. The research was conducted in Karya Bhakti I farmers' group in Gegesik Kidul village, Cirebon Regency, using a quantitative design. The respondents were 55 members of the Karya Bhakti I farmers group. Data were analysed descriptively and using Spearman rank correlation analysis. The results indicated a positive relationship between various indicators of agricultural extension activities and farmers' responses to the Kartu Tani program. These results highlight the crucial role of extension services in improving farmers' ability to effectively adopt the program. A more participatory approach to extension, in which farmers are actively involved in learning, identifying problems, and making decisions, has the potential to strengthen their understanding of, acceptance of, and perceived benefits from the Kartu Tani program. Improving this participatory dimension is essential for enhancing the program's long-term effectiveness and sustainability.

The Ministry of Agriculture provides machinery grants to farmer groups to accelerate agricultural mechanization and rental business capital. Therefore, this study aims to identify the characteristics of farmer groups that were effective in managing agricultural machinery rental businesses. This study used qualitative methods, a multi-case approach, and thematic analysis. The locations were the farmer groups in Kebakkramat District. The Informants from agricultural extension civil servants were selected according to their place of duty. Informants from the chairpersons and members were determined using the snowball sampling method. The data collection techniques used in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. There were two stages of data analysis. The first was to assess the effectiveness of each farmer group. The second was to compare the characteristics of the effective and less effective farmer groups. Only one of the nine farmer groups was effective. The characteristics of farmer groups that were effective in managing the machinery rental business were: (1) have relatively several members who are willing to involve in management, (2) have members who are willing to become loyal customers, (3) choosing a certain form of business entity, (4) requires members to deposit capital, (5) distribute profits to members, (6) give members ownership rights to the grant, (7) requires management to run farmer group operations, manage business units, and make financial reports, and (8) give the management salary rights. Farmer groups that manage businesses with business entities had more effective farmer group characteristics than groups without business entities.

The sustainable cattle farming approach is integrated with plants and the most potential is the oil palm plantation industry, because the potential of feed resources is cheap and abundant available. The research activities carried out in the Farmer Group in Lamandau district after 3 years of introduction of oil palm-cattle integration (ISaPi) through the introduction of technology for making organic fertilizer and complete feed based on the oil palm plantation industry. The information was obtained from primary data through interviews with farmer groups and key informants from the Agriculture Service and PBS of Oil palm during the Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and secondary data was obtained from study desks. Field survey was also conducted. Data were analyzed descriptively and SWOT. Lamandau Regency is ideal for developing ISaPi activities, because of the potential feed resources from the oil palm plantation industry, in the form of oil palm fronds, solid palm oil and palm kernel meal (BIS). Oil palm plantations in Lamandau District with an area of 175,480.46 ha if only 25% of ISaPi activities have the potential to develop livestock around 73,977 animals throughout the year, due to the supply of solid palm oil from 1 PKS, forage in the oil palm area and oil palm fronds. There are 10 farmer of groups and One individual that consistently applies ISaPi activities with various models of application adjusted to the availability of human resources, access to palm oil mills (PKS) and capital from each farmer group. The difference in the application of ISaPi is in the formulation of animal feed (solid palm only or complete feed) and the allotment of organic fertilizer that was produces. Increased productivity and income from the farming is a major factor in ISaPi’s activities keep it running. The strategy for developing of ISaPi activities in Lamandau District by taking into account existing of internal and external factors is to maximize the utilization of the potential of existing resources to increase farm productivity (palm, livestock and horticulture) and diversify farm income by applying technology that is already available and controlled by groups of farmer. With the application of technology, it will be able to increase the added value of products which it was produced. The limiting factors such as access to PKS, product marketing and capital were need support and commitment from related parties, especially the local government and this has been initiated by the local government.

Climate change impacts food production and hence food security, negatively affecting Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (ASALs) areas. The focus of this study was to find out strategies used by small-scale farmers to cope with climate change hazard in Lembus-Perkerra Ward, Baringo County, ASAL region vulnerable to climatic hazards hence a suitable site for the study. In line with Sustainable Development Goal 2and 13, many researchers have been conducted on climate change but little has been documented in the study area on climate change coping strategies against its effects. Therefore, the objective of present study was to identify coping strategies that have been adapted by farmers within the study area and assess the farmers perception in regards to climate change.
 A descriptive research design was adopted for this study, where 191 questionnaires were administered to household heads, and a Focus Group Discussion with key informants (2 agriculture officers) and five lead farmers from farmer groups were conducted to establish sufficient strategies corresponding to climate change situations. The findings showed strong positive influence at 5% levels of significance, between the selected variables (Age β1.34P:0.003, Education level β=2.11 P: 0.01,Access to climate info β =0.48P : 0.031,Access to extension services β=1.71 P:0.19 and Membership to farmer group β=1.02 P: 0.008 shows positive significance to farmers’ perception of climate change situations n. The gender of the household head and household size were insignificant in relation to farmers perception.The findings of the present study are significant to the County government of Baringo and Kenyan Governments in coming up with appropriate interventions for coping with climate change and policy development, to cushion the local communities against the effects.

The El Nino phenomenon due to the impact of climate change causes extreme drought and drought, resulting in damage and crop failure. Adaptive action and knowledge can prevent farmers from the impacts of climate change. The research objective was to determine the knowledge and adaptation of vegetable farmers in Kerato Village to climate change and the factors that affect farmers in adapting to climate change. The research was conducted in Kerato Village, Unter Iwes District, Sumbawa Regency, from April to July 2020, using qualitative methods. Data collected through structured interviews, focus group discussions (FGD) and observations. The results show that the knowledge of climate change which is owned by vegetable farmers in Kerato Village is still low. The adaptation made by vegetable farmers in Kerato Village to climate change, namely by shifting planting times, changing cropping patterns, changing irrigation and drainage techniques, changing soil cultivation techniques and changing pest control techniques. The conclusions of the research are: (1) All vegetable farmers in Kerato Village are aware of climate change, including: shifting seasons, low rainfall, and increasing temperature; (2) The pattern of adaptation carried out by Kerato Village vegetable farmers, includes: shifting planting time, changing cropping patterns, changing irrigation and drainage techniques, changing soil processing techniques and changing pest control techniques; (3) Factors that influence farmers decision factors in adapting to their farming experience, level of education, skill ownership, participation in farmer groups and access to agricultural information. The research implications are: (1) The availability of information regarding the adaptation and knowledge of vegetable farmers to climate change; (2) Providing information on the adaptation capacity of vegetable farmers to climate change, which can be used as material for recommendations by policy makers on climate change adaptation and mitigation.

Despite great potential, Kenyan smallholder dairying faces diminishing land sizes, high input costs, poor extension contacts, non-responsive price policies, and new pests and diseases. Climate change will worsen the situation. This study sought to assess smallholder dairy farmers’ climate change adaptation level in Southwestern Kenya. Adopting Concurrent Fixed Mixed Methods, primary and secondary data was collected. Reports and papers were reviewed for temperature and precipitation data, dairy population, production trends, and farmers’ socio-demographics. A survey questionnaire for climate changes and farmers’ adaptiveness was administered to 367 smallholder dairy household heads with 10 years’ experience, obtained by multi-stage sampling from 4 sub-counties. Key informant interviews (KIIs) and focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted with farmer groups, heads of research, government departments and livestock farms; and the old that were obtained purposively based on dairying experience. Percentages were used for climate change effect on smallholder dairying and farmers’ adaptation. Principal component analysis was used for factors with great influence on respondents’ climate change adaptiveness; while one proportion Z-score test was used for significant differences between adapters and non-adapters (p < 0.05). Flexible and systematic Framework Approach was used for qualitative data analysis by cases and 5 themes. Findings indicated that despite Migori County’s great dairying potential, climate changes have partly hindered full exploitation. Temperatures and rainfall increased slightly in 30 years; with feeds and water diminishing, and resistant diseases and parasites emerging. Upon ranking, pasture loss (42.2%); over-grazing (41.1%); cattle under-feeding (39.5%); and increasing cattle diseases and pests (61.0%) had high impact; while drying water sources (37.1%) had moderate effect. Farmers’ adaptiveness included mixed farming (96.5%); non-intensive dairying (95.1%); establishing own fodder (92.4%); rearing crossbred dairy cattle (87.7%); reducing dairy herd size to 2 (92.9%); relying mainly on household labour (94.6%); and maintaining a 10-year increasing trend in milk-income (68.4%). Z-scores indicated significant differences between adapters and non-adopters (p < 0.05). Civil societies, academic and research institutions should intensify farmer advisory services to complement government extension.

Climate change (CC) impedes smallholder dairy industry in Kenya. Consequently, farmers’ adaptation to CC effects would greatly determine their resilience, profitability, and sustainable contribution to the economy. Socio-demography among other factors, determine smallholder farmers’ adaptive strategies to CC effects. This study sought to understand how smallholder dairy farmers in South Western Kenya adapt to climate changes and determine the relationship between famers’ adaptive strategies and their socio-demographics of sex, age, marital status, highest educational level, household size, and experience in dairying. Concurrent Fixed Mixed Methods were used to collect primary and secondary data. Reports and papers were reviewed for temperature and precipitation data, dairy population, production trends, and farmers’ socio-demographics. A survey questionnaire was administered to 367 smallholder dairy household heads with 10 years’ experience obtained through multi-stage sampling of respondents from 4 sub counties of Migori county. The data collected included the respondents’ socio-demographics, climate changes and adaptability to CC effects. Key informant interviews (KIIs) were conducted with heads of government departments of Livestock Production, Cooperative Development, Meteorology, Environment and Agriculture Sector Development Support Programme (ASDSP) in Migori County. Others included the leadership of Rongo Dairy Farmers’ Cooperative Society, Lichota Livestock Development Farm, and a Research Officer for Livestock Production Systems with Kenya Agriculture and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO). Focus group discussions (FGDs), on the other hand, were conducted with old men and women (aged 60 years and above), and farmer groups from Rongo Dairy Farmers Cooperative Society, Cham Gi Wadu Dairy and Multipurpose Cooperative Society, and East Sakwa Farmers’ Development Group. These were obtained purposively based on dairying experience. Descriptive statistics (percentages) were used to describe climate change effect on smallholder dairying and farmers’ adaptation. Percentages, minimum and maximum values, means, range, and standard deviations were used to describe respondents’ socio-demographics. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to determine the effect of farmers’ socio-demographics on their adaptive strategies to CC effects. Results indicated that individually, male farmers were more likely to adopt mixed crop and livestock farming (Odds = 3.97; p = 0.02) and experience an increasing trend in income earning from milk sales (Odds = 0.63; p = 0.04). Individually, older farmers were significantly more likely to establish own fodder (Odds = 0.96; p = 0.03), keep non-Friesians and their crosses (Odds = 0.97; p = 0.02), and experience increasing trends in income earned from milk sales (odds = 1.02; p = 0.02). Individually, household size significantly influenced establishment of own fodder (Odds = 0.69; p = 0.00) and jointly with the other 5 socio-demographic factors (Odds = 0.70; p = 0.00). With other socio-demographic factors, male farmers were more likely to rely mainly on household labour (Odds = 0.32; p = 0.05). Thus, gender, age and household size were found to have significant effects on smallholder dairy farmers’ adaptation to climate change effects in the study area.

Cohesion is a fundamental determinant of performance in farmer groups in which collective action is pursued for the benefit of the members. The study examined the influence of individual members’ objectives, participation culture, group rewards, structure of tasks and perceived equity on cohesion of farmer groups that can promote access to agricultural extension services. Quantitative data were collected from 180 members of 19 farmer groups using questionnaires selected in a multi-stage process that combined purposive and random sampling. Qualitative data were gathered from 20 key informants in oral interviews and three focus group discussions. Regression analysis indicated that there were statistically significant negative relationships between individual members’ objectives, structure of the tasks, group reward system and cohesion of farmer groups. In contrast, perceived equity had a statistically significant positive relationship with cohesion in farmer groups. We recommend that, for sustainability of group cohesion, group facilitators work with the farmer groups to ensure alignment of group and NAADS institutions and performance indicators. A group dynamics perspective to understanding farmer group cohesion should be a helpful organizing principle.

Currently Gapoktan of Ngudi Luhur consists of 5 farmer groups (poktan) spread in 5 hamlets, with a of ± 500 farmer. The management of Gapoktan activities is still done manually, therefore an information system is proposed as a substitute. This study aims to build and implement an information management system for activities at the Ngudi Luhur Farmers Group (Gapoktan) in Magelang, Central Java, based on the web. Data collection included group data, group members, and group activities carried out using focus group discussions, observations with interviews directly with farmer groups. The development method used is Rapid Application Development (RAD) method and the software is built by using PHP and MySQL programming languages as the database. The results of the study make Gapoktan management software consists of 3 parts, namely administration, production, and marketing. Web-based activity management application that can be accessed online by farmer groups considering the distance between farmer groups that are very far away. This application is expected to be the basis for the management of information technology-based farmer groups and the beginning for the development of communication networks between the salak farmers groups incorporated in the Gapoktan of Ngudi Luhur.