PENGARUH PERBEDAAN JENIS PELARUT TERHADAP KADAR FLAVONOID TOTAL BATANG KECOMBRANG (Etlingera elatior)

One of the plants that is efficacious to prevent a disease is the leaf Annona muricata L. This plant contains contains saponins, terpenoids, steroids, flavonoids, tannins and alkaloids. Compounds that have the most role in causing pharmacological effects are flavonoid compounds as a source of antioxidants. The level of polarity of the solvent in the study will affect the content of the compound extracted based on the principle of like dissolves like. This study was conducted to determine the total flavonoid content at different levels of solvent types and the effect of different solvents of 96% ethanol, ethyl acetate and n-hexane on total flavonoid content. In addition, qualitative tests were carried out to determine the flavonoid compounds. The type of research used is pre-experimental, extraction with controlled maceration method of temperature, light, length of time and stirring. Qualitative analysis with color correction test and Thin Layer Chromatography. Assay using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The results of the research on identification by color test and Thin Layer Chromatography on the extract Annona muricata L. using 96% ethanol, ethyl acetate and n-hexane as solvents were positive for flavonoids and the results of the determination of flavonoid levels in each solvent were 68,9048 mgQE/g, 97,2381 mgQE /g and 73,6667 mgQE/g. ANOVA statistical analysis in each group had a significant difference with p= <0.001 (<0.05). Flavonoid compounds are influenced by the level of solvent polarity, there are significant differences between treatment groups with different types of solvents on total flavonoid levels. The highest flavonoid content was found in ethyl acetate followed by n-hexane and 96% ethanol.

Background: The peel of the fruit Citrus reticulata Blanco has long been used in traditional medicine due to its various properties. Traditional medicine from certain parts of medicinal plants is related to the content of bioactive compounds from the fruit's peel, such as phenolic compounds and flavonoids that can help protect the body from damage caused by free radicals. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the total levels of phenolics and flavonoids as well as antioxidants from ethanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane extracts from the skin of Citrus reticulata Blanco using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil) and ABTS (2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazolin-6-sulphonate))) methods. Material and Methods: The extraction process was carried out using the maceration ion method with ethanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane solvents at room temperature for 24 hours. Total phenolic and flavonoid levels in the extract were determined using UV-Vis spectrophotometry, and antioxidant activity testing was determined based on the extract's ability to neutralize free radicals from DPPH and ABTS. Results: The results showed that the ethanol extract of Citrus reticulata Blanco fruit peel had higher total phenolic and flavonoid levels compared to ethyl acetate and n-hexane extracts. The total phenolic levels in ethanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane extracts were 142.02, 74.60, and 57.17 mg GAE/g, respectively. The total flavonoid levels in ethanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane extracts were 45.96, 40.22, and 38.54 mg QE/g, respectively. In addition, ethanol extract has also shown the strongest antioxidant activity based on the results of testing with DPPH and ABTS methods. The inhibitory concentration (IC50) of ethanol extract against DPPH and ABTS methods was 23,490 μg/mL and 31,971 μg/mL, respectively, with strong category. Conclusions: This study shows that the skin of Citrus reticulata Blanco fruit contains phenolic compounds and flavonoids that have the potential as natural antioxidants, with ethanol extract being the most promising related to total phenolic and flavonoid levels and antioxidant activity. This information can be used as a basis for developing pharmaceutical dosage products and health supplements that can potentially improve antioxidant/health status in the body.

Flavonoid compound from durian shell biowaste was identified by phytochemical assay and FTIR spectrophotometric methods. Total flavonoid content determined by the aluminum chloride (AlCl3) method using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Durian shells, which are a waste that causes the environmental problem, can be used as a source of potentially valuable flavonoid compounds. Flavonoid has antioxidants ability that is beneficial and useful. Durian shell used in this research consists of three types, namely Malika, Malon, and Monti, which are from local Indonesian durian. Based on the result, proximate test analysis showed that three local durian shell samples generally had a water content of 7%, a fat content of 0.9%, the protein content of 4.9%, an ash content of 8.5%, and a 78% carbohydrate content. The results of the analysis of the three durian shell samples did not show significantly different results. Then for the phytochemical assay, three local durian shell samples contained phenols, steroids, and terpenoids, the results of the phytochemical assay showed that there were more phenolic groups than the flavonoid group. The following analysis result is the functional group of three samples using Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectrophotometer shows that the three types of durian shell samples have a band that is slightly different from the standard, but the number of waves in this band is similar to the standard quercetin. Then for total flavonoid levels in local durian shell using the aluminum chloride (AlCl3) method, the result is Monti durian shell having higher flavonoid levels, each 0.405 ± 0.002 mg QE/g, compared with each other shell type namely Malika and Malon of 0.321 ± 0.003 mg QE / g and 0.324 ± 0.002 mg QE/g, respectively. Thus in this study shows that Indonesian local durian shell contains significant total flavonoid content without the need for extraction. Samples were only dissolved with ethanol solvent, then a series of tests were carried out, then a series of tests were carried out, ranging from phytochemical assessment, FTIR spectrophotometer, and AlCl3 methods to determine the total flavonoid content through quantitative.

Extract of Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum for therapy has been widely investigated, including kidney disease, lung disease, and diarrhea. The solvent used for extraction determines the content of the bioactive compounds and the antioxidant level. This study aims to determine total phenols and flavonoids levels, as well as antioxidant activity of the ethanolic and methanolic extract of Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum rhizome. Total phenol level determined using a spectrophotometer at 765 nm, with gallic acid as a standard, while the total flavonoids at 431 nm with quercetin as standard. Antioxidant activity determined by DPPH assay. The strength of antioxidant activity is expressed in IC50 extract values. The results showed total phenol content of Zingiber officinale var rubrum ethanolic extract 155.78 mg GAE/g, while methanolic extract 132.54 mg GAE/g. Total flavonoid content of ethanol fraction 609.66 mg QE/g, methanolic extract 563.10 mg QE/g. Based on DPPH assay, antioxidant activity was robust with IC50 of ethanolic extract 44.06 µg/mL, and IC50 of methanol extract 30.11 µg/mL

Bauhinia purpurea L. is an ornamental plant that is not widely known or explored by the public, despite its significant antioxidant properties. Phenolic compounds and flavonoids, known for their antioxidant activity, can be extracted from the leaves through maceration with 70% ethanol and 96% ethanol. The difference in solvent polarity between these two ethanol concentrations affects the solubility of bioactive compounds. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of 70% and 96% ethanol concentrations Bauhinia purpurea L on the total phenolic and flavonoid levels in. An experimental method was employed, using Bauhinia purpurea L powder macerated with 70% and 96% ethanol, followed by evaporation at 40°C-50°C to obtain thick extracts. The extracts were subjected to organoleptic tests, phytochemical screening, Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), and UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Total phenolic content was determined using gallic acid standards (mg GAE/g extract), while total flavonoid content was measured using quercetin standards (mg QE/g extract). The organoleptic test revealed that both the 70% and 96% ethanol extracts of Bauhinia purpurea L had a blackish-green color, thick consistency, distinctive odor, and bland taste. Phytochemical screening indicated the presence of phenolics, flavonoids, and saponins. The total phenolic content for the 70% ethanol extract was 14.644 ± 0.222 mg GAE/g, and the total flavonoid content was 25.519 ± 0.921 mg QE/g. The total phenolic content for the 96% ethanol extract was 7.176 ± 0.347 mg GAE/g, and the total flavonoid content was 11.208 ± 0.412 mg QE/g. These results indicate a significant difference between the use of 70% and 96% ethanol in extracting total phenolic and flavonoid content from Bauhinia purpurea L, with the 70% ethanol extract showing higher levels of both compounds.

Phyllanthus emblica L. fruit is known for its potent antioxidant activity, closely associated with its phenolic and flavonoid content. This study aims to analyse the secondary metabolite composition and determine the total phenol and flavonoid levels in Phyllanthus emblica fruit. The extraction process was carried out using the maceration method with 96% ethanol as the solvent, followed by a rotary evaporator evaporation. The ethanol extract was subjected to phytochemical screening with colour reagents, and the total phenol and flavonoid contents were assessed using a colourimetric method. TheFolin–Ciocalteu reagent was employed for complex phenolic compounds, with gallic acid as the standard reference. The total flavonoid content was determined using the aluminium chloride method, with quercetin as the standard. The results indicated that the ethanol extract of Phyllanthus emblica fruit contained alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, triterpenoids, and glycosides. The study found that the total phenol content was 61.1271±3.86 mg GAE/g extract, while the total flavonoid content was 3.3742±0.06 mg QE/g extract.

Background: Beluntas (Pluchea indica L.) is an Indonesian plant that grows wild and is used as traditional medicine. Beluntas leaves are reported to contain phenolic, and flavonoid is a part of phenolic compounds. Phenolic compounds other than flavonoids include 1,3,4,5-tetra-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 3,4,5-tri-O-caffeoylquinic acid, chlorogenic acid, and ferulic acid. Flavonoid compounds in beluntas leaves are quercetin, apigenin, luteolin and chrysoeriol. Methanol solvents are reported to be able to extract higher polyphenol and flavonoid contents than other solvents. Objective: The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of 20%, 50% and 75% solvent concentration of methanol on total phenol and total flavonoid levels of beluntas leaf extract. Methods: In this study, the extraction process was carried out by maceration, the determination of total phenol content was carried out by the Follin-Ciocalteu method. Determination of total flavonoid levels was carried out by the Colorimetric method. Data on phenol and flavonoid levels were analyzed statistically. Results: The yield of beluntas leaf extract in this study was respectively from the lowest methanol concentration of 24.094% w/w, 31.126% w/w, 24.838% w/w. The value of total phenol levels increased with increasing methanol concentration, namely 124.84 mg GAE/g, 138.3 mg GAE/g, and 147.91 mg GAE/g. The highest total flavonoid value in 75% methanol extract is 69.72 mg QE/g, followed by 20% methanol extract at 46.29 mg QE/g and the lowest is found in 50% methanol extract at 32.80 mg QE/g. The results of statistical analysis using the Kruskal-Wallis test showed that there were significant differences (p<0.05) in the value of total phenol levels and total flavonoids of the three extracts. Conclusion: The difference in the concentration of methanol solvents affects the value of total phenol levels and total flavonoids with the highest value produced by a 75% methanol solvent.
 Keywords: Beluntas Leaves (Pluchea indica L.), Total Phenol Content, Total Flavonoid Content, Gallic Acid, Quercetin.

A research on the determination of the total flavonoid content of 70% ethanol extract and n-hexane extract of leaves of soursop (Annona muricata L.) . The purpose of this study was to determine levels of total flavonoids, contained in soursop leaf extract (Annona muricata L). Extraction of chemical constituents from leaves of soursop (Annonamuricata L.) done by maceration method using 70% ethanol. To determine the flavonoid compounds in the sample extracts, compound analysis is carried out using UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The results were obtained levels of total flavonoids of the soursop leaf (Annona muricata L). Of 70% ethanol extract was 2,82%. And n-hexane extract was 4,48 %. So the total flavonoid content of the extract of soursop leaf ( Annona muricata L .) by 7.3% .

Flavonoids and phenolics are compounds with hydroxyl groups (-OH) bound to aromatic rings which enable them to react with reactive oxygen species and eliminate free radical activity. Single bulb garlic ( Allium sativum var. solo garlic) is known to have antioxidant activity which comes from the phenolic groups. This study aims to determine the correlation of total flavonoid and phenolic levels with the antioxidant activity of ethanolic extracts from single bulb garlic grown in Magetan and Tawangmangu regions. This study included an observational analytic study with a cross-sectional design. Total flavonoid levels were measured by colorimetric method and total phenolic levels were measured by Folin-ciocalteu method using Spectrophotometric UV-Vis. Antioxidant activity was measured by DPPH method at a wavelength of 517 nm. The data analysis used was multiple linear regression. The results showed that the extract of single bulb garlic from Magetan had total flavonoids of 12,1833 ± 0,1943 mg QE/gram, total phenolics of 70,244 mg GAE/gram, and antioxidant activity with an IC 50 value of 20,216 ppm. The extract of single bulb garlic from Tawangmangu contained total flavonoids of 14,4833 ± 0,5911 mg QE/gram, total phenolics of 92,222 mg GAE/gram, and antioxidant activity with an IC 50 value of 13,777 ppm. The conclusion of this study is that there is a significant correlation of total flavonoid and total phenolic content with antioxidant activity.

Polyphenols are a class of chemical compounds most commonly found in plants, these compounds have many health benefits associated with the character it has. The antioxidant activity of natural materials connected by polyphenol content, which can counteract free radicals. Objective: This study aims to determine the levels of total phenolic and flavonoid in crude extracts and purified extracts of the green tea leaves (Camellia sinensis). Methods: Determination of total phenolic content was using standard gallic acid by the Folin-Ciocalteau method. Total flavonoid assay using standard reference of quercetin by Chang method. Instrument used to measure the absorbance of the reaction is a UV-Visible spectrophotometer. Results: The results obtained after the measurement indicates that the sample of crude extract and purified extract of tea leaves containing total phenolic levels 40.5 and 43.9 mgGAE/g, respectively, while the levels of total flavonoids contained respectively by 2.77 and 3.14 mgQE/g. From the results obtained it can be concluded that the green tea leaves have a total phenolic content is greater than the total flavonoid content, thus it has great potential as an antioxidant

Papasan leaves have several properties, including antihyperglycemic, diabetes, antipyretic and antioxidant. Minor metabolite compounds that have the potential as antioxidants from this plant are flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, and tannins. This study's purpose to determine the antioxidant activity and the flavonoid total contents of Papasan (Coccinia grandis L.) leaf extract based on the differences in polar solvents. The polar solvents used were ethanol, methanol, and water. Extraction used by maceration and dekokta. The antioxidant activity and the flavonoid total contents were established by UV-Vis spectrophotometry according to the decrease in absorbance at a maximum wavelength of 515 nm by the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method. Determination of antioxidant activity and the flavonoid total contents were excluded on quercetin comparisons. The values of IC50 and the flavonoid total contents in the ethanol extract respectively were 287.92 ppm and 49.825 mg QE/g while the IC50 values and total flavonoid levels in the extract of methanol were 73.29 ppm and 50.415 mg QE/g. In the extract of the water, the value of IC50 was 39.80 ppm and the total flavonoid contents were 50.415 mg QE/g. The conclusions of these studies were that the most antioxidant activity was found in water extract, while water and methanol extract had the same and highest levels of total flavonoids.

BACKGROUND: Peronema canescens (Sungkai) leaves have been popular in Indonesia which contain various bioactive compounds with empirical therapeutic efficacy in dealing with COVID-19 and various other diseases. Total phenolic and flavonoid content and antioxidant activity using the DPPH method from P. canescens leaf extract have not been studied much. AIM: This research has several objectives. The first is to compare the results of qualitative phytochemical analysis of the ethanol extract of the leaves of P. canescens (EEPL). The second is to measure the total phenol and flavonoid content. The third is to test the FTIR and antioxidant activity of the ethanol extract of P. canescens leaves in vitro using the DPPH method. METHODS: Fresh plant material and simplicia, ethanol extract extracted by maceration method using 96% ethanol as solvent from P. canescens. The Dragendorff’s and Mayer test carried out the qualitative phytochemical analysis, FeCl3 test, Salkowski method, Liebermann–Burchard method, foam test, and NaOH reagent. The total phenolic and flavonoid levels were tested using the Folin–Ciocalteu method. In vitro antioxidant activity was carried out using the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) method. RESULTS: The results of qualitative phytochemical screening showed that alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and steroids were detected in the extract of P. canescens. The spectra from the FTIR test results showed various absorbance peak values indicating the bonding of specific functional groups, namely: 418.12, 599.94, 666.67, 1036.39, 1159.52, 1224.16, 1348.95, 1454.19, 1600.87, 1732.00, 2923.13, and 3353.01 cm-1. In the test results, total phenolic content was as much as 5.64% (mgEAG/g) and total flavonoid content of 142,247 mgEQ/g in a sample of 1 mg extract, which was equivalent to 1 mg quercetin. EEPL has antioxidant activity with the DPPH IC50 method of 116.7865 ppm. CONCLUSION: The data obtained at this time can contribute to the exploitation of P. canescens leaves in the future as one of the nutraceutical products, supplements, and herbal medicines by specific industries related to improving the health status of the world community. The higher the bioactive substance in preparation, the more significant the effect of the pharmacological efficacy response. P. canescens ethanol extract has good total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant action.

This study evaluated Moringa oleifera extracts from two locations in Niger Delta for in vitro anti-cholinesterase and antioxidant activities. Methanolic, aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Moringa oleifera were evaluated for inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, antioxidant properties, and total phenolic and flavonoid contents using standard procedures. M. oleifera extracts possessed significant and concentration dependent AChE inhibitory activity for methanolic, aqueous, and ethanolic extracts. For the most potent extracts, the percentage AChE inhibition/IC50 (µg/mL) values were Moringa oleifera root methanolic extracts (MORME): ~80%/0.00845; Moringa oleifera root ethanolic extract 1 (MOREE1): ~90%/0.0563; Moringa oleifera root ethanolic extract 2 (MOREE2): ~70%/0.00175; and Moringa oleifera bark ethanolic extract (MOBEE): ~70%/0.0173. The descending order of AChE inhibitory potency of plant parts were: root > bark > leaf > flowers > seed. All M. oleifera methanolic extracts at a concentration of 1000 µg/mL displayed significant (p < 0.05–0.001) DPPH radical scavenging activity, with values of ~20–50% of that of ascorbic acid. The total phenolic content and total flavonoid content (TPC/TFC) of MORME, Moringa Oju bark methanolic extract (MOBME), MOREE1, MOREE2 and Moringa leaf ethanolic leaf extract (MLEE) were (287/254), (212/113), (223/185), (203/343) and (201/102) mg gallic acid equivalents/g and quercetin equivalents/g, respectively. There was an inverse correlation between plant extract AChE inhibition and total phenolic (p < 0.0001) and total flavonoid contents (p < 0.0012). In summary, this study revealed 5 of 19 extracts of M. oleifera that have potent in vitro anti-cholinesterase and antioxidant activities.

Angelicae gigas Nakai has been used as a traditional medicine as well as an edible vegetable in South Korea. In this study, the total phenolic and flavonoid content and antioxidants of A. gigas Nakai leaves were examined in vitro via hydroxyl-radical-scavenging activity, reducing power activity, metal chelating assay, and DPPH-free -radical-scavenging assay. Among all the extracts from A. gigas Nakai leaves, the ethanol extract showed the strongest effects in all of the assays. The values for the DPPH-radical-scavenging activities of ethanol, methanol, and water extracts were 31.47, 42.14, and , respectively. Among the extracts from A. gigas Kakai leaves, the ethanol extract had the highest levels of total phenolics ( mg TAN/g) and total flavonoids ( mg QE/g), which correlated strongly with the individual phenolic-compound (p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillin, and trans-ferulic acid) contents. The ethanol extract also showed stronger antioxidant activity than tocopherol in hydroxyl- radical-scavenging activity assay. These results indicate that the ethanol extract of A. gigas Kakai leaves possesses significant antioxidant properties, which suggests its great potential as a functional-food ingredient in the food industry.

Muntingia calabura L. leaves were contained alkaloids, saponins, phenolic, flavonoids, and tannin. Phenolic and flavonoids compound had antioxidant activity. The present study aims to determine the antioxidant activity, determination of total phenolic and flavonoid content of ethanol extract of Muntingia calabura L. leaves and its fractions. Muntingia calabura L. leaves were macerated with 96% ethanol and then evaporated until ethanol extract was obtained. The ethanol extract was dissolved into water and then partitioned with n hexane and ethyl acetate to obtain the n hexane fraction, ethyl acetate fraction and water fraction. Determination of antioxidant activity of extracts and fractions was performed by free radical capture measurement method by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) in vitro. Vitamin C was used as a positive control with IC50 value of 25.74 µg/mL. The total phenolic and flavonoid content were determined using the colorimetric method using standard gallic acid for total phenolics and standard quercetin for flavonoid content. The results showed that ethyl acetat fraction showed the highest antioxidant activity with IC50 79.37 μg/mL value compared to n hexane fraction (101.36 μg/mL), ethanol extract (126.47 μg/mL), and water fraction (129.85 μg/mL). The ethyl acetate fraction contains the highest total phenolic of 510.57 mg GAE/g extract compared to ethanol extract (311.10 mg GAE/g extract), water fraction (292.74 mg GAE/g) extract, and n hexane fraction (103.95 mg GAE/g extract). The ethyl acetate fraction contained the highest flavonoid content of 76.32 mg QE/g extract compared to ethanol extract (39.63 mg QE/g extract), water fraction (14.29 mg QE/g extract) and n hexane fraction (3.30 mg QE/g extract). Total phenolic and total flavonoid levels were positively correlated with antioxidant activity.