PENGARUH PENGATURAN JARAK TANAM DAN PUPUK NITROGEN TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN HASIL TANAMAN SORGUM (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) Varietas Samurai 2

This experiment aims to determine the effect of compost fertilizer on growth, yield components and yield of Soybean (Glycine Max (L) Merrill) Anjasmoro variety. This experiment was carried out in Mekarjaya Village, Gantar District, Indramayu Regency - West Java. The time of the study was carried out from August to November 2021. The location is located at an altitude of ±50 m above sea level (masl), the soil type is Latosol and Regosol association, including type D (moderate) rain. The experimental method used was the experimental method with a factorial randomized block design (RAK), the treatment consisted of two factors which were repeated three times. The first factor is compost, which consists of three levels, namely compost 5 tons/ha, 10 tons/ha, and 15 tons/ha. While the second factor is the spacing which consists of three levels, namely the spacing of 40 cm x 30 cm, 40 cm x 40 cm and 40 cm x 50 cm. The main observation data were processed using linear model statistical tests, analysis of variance, and Scott-Knott cluster further test analysis. To determine the correlation between the treatment with the components of growth and yield of soybeans, the correlation used is the Product Moment correlation coefficient.The results showed that: (1) There was a significant effect between the combined dose of compost and plant spacing, (2) Combination of compost at a dose of 10 tons/ha gave the highest dry seed weight per plot at a spacing of 40 cm x 50 cm on Anjasmoro soybean. namely 929, 13 grams/plot or equivalent to 1.55 tons/ha, and (3) There was a significant correlation between plant height at 21 DAP and 28 DAP, and root volume at 21 DAP and 28 DAP and dry seed weight per plot.

Field experiment was conducted to study the effect of foliar nitrogen fertilizer and time of application on the growth and yield of sorghum at Student’s Demonstration Farm of the Bauchi State Collage of Agriculture, during the rainy season of 2018 and 2019. The treatments consisted of four rates of foliar nitrogen fertilizer (0, 1, 2 and 3 L/ha) and three times of application (once, twice and thrice). These were factorially combined to give 12 treatment combination and laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Data were collected on plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, 1000 grain weight and grain yield. Data collected during the experiment were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) was adopted in separating the means. Results of the experiment indicated that, growing of sorghum using foliar nitrogen fertilizer with different times of application had significant (P≤0.05) effect on all the characters measured. It was further revealed that, application of foliar nitrogen fertilizer at rate of 1, 2 and 3 L/ha significantly (P≤0.05) influenced the growth and yield of sorghum better than the control. The result further revealed that, application of liquid nitrogen fertilizer twice and thrice significantly (P≤0.05) promoted growth and yield of sorghum and proved to be better than applying once. Based on the result of this study, growing sorghum with the application of foliar nitrogen fertilizer at the rates of 1 to 2 L/ha two to three times promoted the growth and yield of sorghum and can be adopted by farmers in the study area for improved sorghum production.

A field experiment was conducted at the Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University teaching and research farm Bauchi (10o 22' N and 9o 47'E) and also at Bulkachuwa village of Katagum LGA. (11o 38'N and 10 o 31'E) both in Bauchi state, during the rainy seasons of 2011 and 2012 to determine the influence of legume residue and nitrogen fertilizer on the growth and yield of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench). The treatments consist of two legumes (cowpea and soybean), nitrogen fertilizer applied at the rate of 0, 15, 30 and 60kgN/ha, both used to determine the performance of a Sorghum (variety; KSV 8). The legumes were sown in the first year while using the same site/plots, sorghum was then sown in the second year. The experiment was laid out in both years using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) replicated three times. No data were collected on the legumes in the first year while data collected on sorghum in the second year included; plant height, number of leaves, 1000 grain weight and grain yield (kg/ha). The results of the experiment revealed that, growing sorghum on cowpea and soybean residue had significant (P≤0.05) effect on all the characters measured than on fallow. The results further revealed that, application of nitrogen fertilizer at the rate of 60kgN/ha gave significantly (P≤0.01) higher effects on all the characters studied than when the other rates were used. Control plots on the other hand recorded the least. It was also observed that, siting the experiment at Bauchi significantly (P≤0.05) produced higher yield than when the experiment was carried out at Bulkachuwa. Studies on interaction revealed that, irrespective of the location used, application of 60kgN/ha following cowpea and soybean in rotation significantly (P≤0.01) increased yield of sorghum. Based on the results obtained, application of 60kgN/ha as top dress to sorghum grown on cowpea or soybean residue should be adopted by farmers in and around Bauchi state for higher yield.

Soil water conservation and yield of winter sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) as influenced by tillage, organic materials and nitrogen fertilizer in semi-arid tropical India

<p><em></em><em>Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) is prospective crop for food as well as feed and bioenergy. It adapts to wide agroclimate and agroecology. However, the productivity is accounted low in Indonesia. Low productivity of sorghum can be enhanced through intensification, e.g., precise dose of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers application. The aim of this research was to determine the optimum dose of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers to maximize growth and yield of sorghum in latosol soil, in order to develop fertilizer recommendation on specific soil type. The research was conducted at Cikarawang, Bogor from March to July 2015. Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers were arranged and applied simultaneously using randomized completely block design with three replications. Nitrogen fertilizer was applied in five levels, i.e., 0, 60, 120, 180, 240 kg N ha-1 and phosphorus levels were 0, 18, 36, 54, 72 kg P2O5 ha-1. Results showed that the application of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers significantly increased vegetative growth and yield components. The optimum dose were 161 kg N ha-1 (133.7%) and 43 kg P2O5 ha-1 (121.5%) for latosol soil.<br /><br />Keywords: fertilizer, optimum dose, soil type, vegetative, yield component </em></p>

Sorghum yield in semi-arid regions is constrained by soil fertility and moisture stress which are worsened by climate variability. Water and nitrogen present a strong interplay in sorghum growth and yield in dry lands. In view of these constraints, selection of genotypes that concurrently maximize the use of these two resources is important. A study was carried out in short rains 2018 and 2020 at Katumani, Machakos to evaluate effect of nitrogen fertilizer on water use efficiency and determine water efficient sorghum genotypes. The experimental design was a randomized complete bock design with split-plot arrangement. Sorghum genotypes plus a check were planted in the main plot and nitrogen fertilizer at three levels (0, 6.5, 32.5 kg ha-1) with 10 kg P ha-1 as basal fertilizer was applied in the split plots. Potential evapotranspiration (ETo) was used to determine water use efficiency. The experiment was replicated three times. The results showed that, use of nitrogen fertilizer at (6.5 kg N) ha-1 and (32.5 kg N) ha-1 significantly increased sorghum water use efficiency (WUE) from 9.68 to 16.69 (72%) and 9.68 to 25.8 (170%) biomass kgha-1mm-1 and 3.14 to 5.55 (77%) and 3.14 to 9.28 (196%) grain kgha-1mm-1 , respectively, in SR 2018 and from 29.35 to 32.8 (12%) and 29.35 to 36.61 (25%) biomass kg ha-1 mm-1 and from 11.46 to 13.39 (17%) and 11.46 to 15.45 (35%) grain kg ha-1 mm-1 , respectively, in SR 2020. The sorghum mean total dry matter and grain yields were significantly correlated (R2 = 0.8-0.9) to mean WUE. Five genotypes had significantly large WUE. It was concluded that nitrogen fertilizer significantly increased WUE of sorghum genotypes in semi-arid Machakos and there are five genotypes with significantly higher WUE than Gadam and are recommended to farmers and incorporation in breeding programmes for drought tolerant sorghum.

White sorghum is utilized for food, beverage, fodder, and other industrial purposes. Spacing and fertilization are among problems for the development of sorghum plants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the interaction effect of planting space and phosphate fertilizer treatments on the development and production of white sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) varity of Samurai-2, and to determine the best results from those treatments as well. This research was performed at the experimental field of Al-Zaitun Islamic Boarding School located in Mekarjaya Village, Subdistrict of Gantar, Indramayu Regency, West Java. A factorial randomized block design was employed with planting space treatment of PS30 (70 cm × 30 cm), PS40 (70 cm × 40 cm), and PS50 (70 cm × 50 cm) and phosphate fertilizer treatment of PF50 (50 kg/ha), PF100 (100 kg/ha), and PF150 (150 kg/ha). Response parameters consisted of plant heigh, number of leaves, leaf area index (LAI), stem diameter, root volume, plant growth rate, and crop yield (weight of 1000 grains and yield per plot). Results of this study showed no interaction in all treatments, and the PS30 with crop spacing of 70 cm x 30 cm resulted the best yield on weight per plot of 5.08 kg/plot equivalent to 8.5 ton/ha. Keywords : Crop yield, Growth rate, Leaf area index, Plant height, Stem diameter

This study aimed to determine the interaction effects of gibberellin concentrations and compost application on the growth and yield of the mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) variety Vima 4. The experiment was conducted from August to October 2021 at the Agricultural Complex of the Ma'had Al-Zaytun Campus, Mekarjaya Village, Gantar District, Indramayu Regency, West Java Province. The site is situated approximately 50 m above sea level, on Latosol–Regosol soils, under a Type D rainfall pattern. The research employed a factorial randomized block design (RBD) with three replications. The first factor was gibberellin concentration (5 ppm/plant, 10 ppm/plant, and 15 ppm/plant), while the second factor was compost dosage (10 tons/ha, 15 tons/ha, and 20 tons/ha). Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Duncan’s multiple range test, and correlation analysis was conducted using the product-moment correlation coefficient. Results showed that there was a significant interaction between gibberellin concentration and compost application on plant height and leaf area index (LAI). The treatment combination of 10 ppm gibberellin with 15 tons/ha compost yielded 0.67 kg of seeds per plot, which was not significantly different from other treatments. A significant positive correlation was observed between plant height and number of leaves at 35 days after planting (DAP) and between plant growth at 21 DAP with seed yield per plot. The correlation between plant growth traits and yield was categorized as moderate.

This study was carried out at the premises of Faculty of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, demonstration farm, in Sheikan locality, North Kordofan state during two consecutive rainy seasons 2021- 2022, 2022-2023. The study was aimed at evaluating the effects of urea and goat organic manure fertilizers on growth and yield of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) and some soil physical properties. The experiment consisted of four treatments (Control, 2 ton goat organic manure \ feddan, 2 ton goat organic manure / feddan + 40 kg urea / feddan and 2 ton goat organic manure / feddan + 80 kg urea / feddan). Treatments were laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications. Growth characters studied were (days to 50% flowering, plant height (cm), number of leaf per plant and stem diameter (cm).Yield and yield attributes were straw dry yield (ton/ha), 1000 seeds weight (g), grain yield (ton/ha) and harvest Index%. Soil physical properties studied were (soil moisture content %, soil bulk density and soil porosity. Data were statistically analyzed using GEN STAT. Results showed that fertilizers significantly (P<0.05) increased sorghum plant growth, yield attributes and grain yield compared to the control in both seasons. Goat organic manure and urea fertilizer had significantly (P<0.05) decreased days to 50% flowering and increased plant height, straw dry yield (ton/ha), 1000 seeds weight (g), grain yield (ton/ha) and Harvest Index% for sorghum crop. While, there was no significant effect amongst treatments on number of leaf per plant and stem diameter (cm). The highest grain yield (2.6 ton/ha) was obtained when 2 ton goat organic manure \ feddan combined with 80 kg urea /feddan as compared with the control (1.7 ton/ha). The application of goat organic manure combined with urea fertilizer increased Soil moisture content, soil bulk density and soil porosity. It can be recommended to improve sorghum productivity and soil fertility in the marginal sandy rain fed soils of North Kordofan State and similar environments.

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) has emerged as a pivotal global food crop. Consequently, it is imperative to explore sustainable and eco-friendly strategies to achieve sustainable sorghum production with a high yield. This study aimed to reveal the effects of irrigation management and nitrogen rates and their interactions on sorghum growth traits, yield and soil nitrate-N and ammonium-N accumulation to improve irrigation and nitrogen practices under drip irrigation. A 2-year (2021 and 2022) field experiment was conducted on drip-irrigated fertilized sorghum in Heilongjiang Province to investigate the effects of three lower levels of soil moisture (80% (HI), 70% (NI), and 60% (LI) of field capacity) with four nitrogen rates at 225, 150, 75 and 0 kg/ha (designated as HN, NN, LN and WN, respectively) on sorghum growth, yield and soil nitrogen accumulation. The results indicated that irrigation management and nitrogen rate interaction had a significant effect on sorghum growth (plant height, stem diameter, leaf area index (LAI), and SPAD value), yield, aboveground biomass and 0~60 cm soil nitrogen accumulation (p < 0.05). The NNHI treatment demonstrated the highest plant height (120.9 and 121.8 cm) and LAI (2.738 and 2.645) in 2021 and 2022, and there was a significant positive correlation between plant height, LAI, and yield (p < 0.01). However, the NNNI treatment exhibited the highest yield (7477.41 and 7362.27 kg/ha) in 2021 and 2022, sorghum yield increased and then decreased with an increase in irrigation management and nitrogen rate. In addition, soil nitrate-N and ammonium-N accumulation were significantly affected by the interaction of irrigation management and nitrogen rate (p < 0.05) while irrigation management had no significant effect on the accumulation of nitrate-N and ammonium-N. Soil nitrate-N and ammonium-N accumulation increased with the increasing nitrogen rate. Although yield differences between the NNNI and HNNI treatments were not significant, the NNNI treatment with a lower soil moisture limit of 70% field capacity and a nitrogen rate of 150 kg/ha accumulated 10.4% less nitrate-N in soil than the HNNI treatment, reduced risk of nitrate nitrogen leaching. The regression analysis indicated that the optimal irrigation management and nitrogen rate management practices of 71.93% of the soil moisture lower limit and 144.58 kg/ha of nitrogen rate was an optimal strategy for favorable sorghum growth, high-yielding and low soil nitrate-N accumulation of sorghum. This study provides a scientific reference for precise water and fertilizer management in sorghum.

An experiment to determine the effect of nitrogen, sulphur and phosphorus fertilizer, applied at sowing, on the growth and chemical composition of a hybrid sorghum x sudangrass forage, is reported. The factorial design was repeated at six sites in northern New South Wales in one year, 1976-77. Urea (50 kg nitrogen ha-1) substantially reduced plant populations at three sites. At the first harvest, dry matter production, after adjustment for plant population, was more than doubled by 20 kg phosphorus ha-1; yields were depressed by nitrogen where phosphorus was withheld. Hydrocyanic acid (HCN) potential (mean 0.04%), was increased 28% by nitrogen fertilizer, and reduced 34% by phosphorus fertilizer. Sulphur content was increased from 0.15 to 0.17% by nitrogen fertilizer, and reduced from 0.175 to 0.142% by the phosphorus treatment; it was unaffected by 20 or 50 kg sulphur ha-1 applied at sowing. At two sites, phosphorus increased the sodium concentration but the enhanced levels were still below recommended dietary requirements. The ratio of nitrogen : sulphur (after adjustment for potential loss of sulphur in the detoxication of HCN), was increased from 25:1 to 29:1 by nitrogen fertilizer. The response to sulphur was slight, and the effect of phosphorus was inconsistent. Similar but reduced effects on growth and composition occurred in the second harvest. Hydrocyanic acid levels were much higher, and the adjusted nitrogen:sulphur ratios were exceptionally wide. On the evidence available it appears that the direct supplementation of animals is the most feasible means of ensuring adequate levels of sulphur and sodium in the diet.

Field experiment was carried out in Lanlate in rainforest zone of Southwest, Nigeria to study relative effects of combined use of Sawdust ash (SDA) and Urea (U) on soil chemical properties, nutrient status, growth and yield of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench). The soil in the experimental site was low in nitrogen and phosphorus. The treatments were replicated three times on sorghum plant, there were six treatments; the control (no SDA, no urea), 240kg/haU, 4.5t/haSDA + 60kg/haU, 3.0t/haSDA +120kg/haU, 1.5t/haSDA+180kg/haU and 6.0t/haSDA. Combined use of SDA and urea fertilizer increased the N,P,K,Ca and Mg content of the soil. However, urea fertilizer reduced soil pH relative to control. Therefore, urea fertilizer increased soil acidity. The combined use of reduced levels of ash and urea fertilizer increased growth and yield of sorghum. The sawdust ash (SDA) and co-application of reduced levels of ash and urea increased leaf N, K, Ca and Mg status while urea alone gave highest leaf P. Urea alone at 240kg/ha (or 82kgN/ha) and 180kg/haU (111kgN/ha) + 1.5t/ha increased grain yield by 59 and 101% respectively. This work found out that SDA could be combined with urea to maximize grain yield of sorghum at 1.5t/haSDA+180kg/ha urea. This approach reduces need for urea and attendant reduction in soil pH due to the use of fertilizer. It was also found that SDA alone or combined with urea increased significantly growth of sorghum as indicated by plant height, number of leaves and stem girth. The SDA

Striga causes a serious threat to successful cultivation of sorghum in areas of low and erratic rainfall and poor soil fertility. Therefore, to reduce yield losses and severity of Striga, a field experiment was conducted during the cropping season of 2015 on heavily Striga-infested field in Fedis District, Boko site to determine the effect of trap crops (cowpea, soybean, desmodium, control) and N fertilizer rates (0, 46, 92 and 138 kg N ha﹣1) on management of Striga, yield related traits and yield of sorghum. The experiment was laid out in a factorial arrangement in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Moreover, LAI, plant height, head weight plot﹣1 and aboveground dry biomass yield of sorghum were significantly (P < 0.05) increased by 4%, 9%, 28% and 33%, respectively, by use of cowpea as a trap crop over the control. Likewise use of cowpea as a trap crop significantly (P < 0.01) increased kernel weight head﹣1 by 6% and grain yield by 23% over the control. Similarly, the main effect of nitrogen showed that increased nitrogen rate up to 46 kg ha﹣1 significantly reduced Striga number at sorghum emergence by about 49.8% over control. Days to heading, flowering and maturity on sorghum were significantly (P < 0.01) affected by nitrogen fertilizer rate and the application of 46 kg N ha﹣1resulted in earlier heading by 6% over138 kg N ha﹣1. Application of 138 kg N ha﹣1delayed days to flowering by 6 days over 46 kg N ha﹣1. Plots that received 46 kg N ha﹣1 attained 90% physiological maturity earlier (127.1 days) than other treatments. Application of 46 kg N ha﹣1significantly increased kernel weight head﹣1 by 12% and aboveground dry biomass yield by 33% over the control. LAI and grain yield were significantly (p < 0.01) affected by main effect of N where the highest (2.387) leaf area index and the highest (3116 kg ha﹣1) grain yield were obtained with 46 kg N ha﹣1.

The field experiment was conducted at the Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Bauchi teaching and research farm during the rainy season of 2016. Bauchi state belongs to savannah agro-ecological zone and geographically located between latitude 10°74’ E and 9°47’ E and 690.3 m above the sea level. The experiment was conducted to determine the effect of organic and inorganic fertilizer on the growth and yield of sorghum. The design used for the experiment was randomized complete block design (RCBD) and replicated three times. The treatment consisted of three levels of cow manure (0, 1 and 2 ton/ha) and four levels of NPK 15:15:15 (0, 15, 30 and 45 kg/ha), these were factorially combined to give 12 treatment combinations. The result of the experiment indicated that, there is a significant ((P

Different nitrogen fertilizers and potassium applications have an important impact on the yield and yield components and fruit-quality parameters of tomatoes in both alkaline and acidic reaction soils. This study investigated the effects of different nitrogenous fertilizers and potassium doses on the yield, yield components, and fruit quality of tomatoes grown on alkaline and acidic soils. The experiment was carried out in the research greenhouse of the Agriculture Faculty, at Selcuk University. It was performed by using two different soil types, three nitrogen fertilizers [ammonium sulfate (AS), ammonium sulfate with inhibitor (AS+inh.), and calcium nitrate (CaNit)], and three different concentrations of potassium sulfate (0, 240, and 480 mg K2O kg-1). We conducted the study by using a randomized experimental plot design with four replications. According to the research results, the highest fruit yield in alkaline soil was 'inh. AS and 480 mg K2O kg-1', while the highest fruit yield in acid soils was obtained with 'calcium nitrate and 240 mg K2O kg-1'. Furthermore, different nitrogen sources and potassium doses significantly affected tomato yield components such as stem diameter, plant height, number of fruits per plant, fruit weight, fruit diameter, fruit hardness, fruit pH, and Brix values. According to the results of the completed soil analysis, the applications demonstrated the importance of accurate and balanced fertilization for high-yield and quality tomato production in different soils. In conclusion, this study highlights the importance of selecting appropriate nitrogen fertilizers and potassium doses to increase tomato yield and yield components in alkaline and acidic soils. It provides valuable insights for tomato farmers and researchers seeking to improve tomato cultivation techniques in different soil conditions.