Pegmatites and alkali feldspar granites as sources of industrial k-feldspar: a study from Borucu, Aksaray, Central Türkiye

The Wadi El-Hima Neoproterozoic I- and A-type granites in the Southern Eastern Desert of Egypt are rich in garnets (up to 30 vol%) and are cut by NW–SE strike-slip faults, as confirmed from structure lineament extraction maps. These mineralized granites and garnet mineralization zones can be successfully discriminated using remote sensing techniques. Spectral angle mapper and matched filtering techniques are highly effective for mapping garnet-rich zones and show that the highest garnet concentrations occur along the intrusive contact zone of NW–SE striking faults. El-Hima granites have high SiO2 (73.5–75.1 wt%), Al2O3 (13.4–15.3 wt%) and total alkali (6.7–8.7 wt%) contents, suggesting that they were sourced from peraluminous (A/CNK > 1) parental magmas. Garnet-bearing trondhjemites are metasomatic in origin and formed after I-type tonalite-granodiorites, which originated in a volcanic arc tectonic setting. Garnet-rich syenogranites and alkali-feldspar granites are both post-collisional A-type granites: the syenogranites formed from peraluminous magmas generated by partial melting of lower crustal tonalite and metasedimentary protoliths during lithospheric delamination, and the alkali-feldspar granites crystallized from highly fractionated, felsic and alkali-rich peraluminous magmas in the upper crust. Garnets in El-Hima mineralized granites occur in three forms: (1) subhedral disseminated crystals, (2) vein-type crystals, and (3) aggregated subhedral crystals, reflecting different mechanisms of accumulation. All are dominantly almandine in composition (Alm76Sps10 Prp7Grs6Adr1) and have high average concentrations of heavy rare earth elements (HREE) (ΣHREE = 1636 ppm), Y = (3394 ppm), Zn (325 ppm), Li (39.17 ppm) and Ga (34.94 ppm). Garnet REE patterns show strong negative Eu anomalies with HREE enriched relative to LREE, indicating a magmatic origin. These magmatic garnets are late-stage crystallization products of Al-rich hydrous magmas, and formed at low temperature (680–730 °C) and pressure (2.1–2.93 kbar) conditions in the upper continental crust. Peculiar garnet concentrations in syenogranites near and along contact zones with alkali feldspar granites are related to peraluminous parent hydrous magma compositions. These garnets formed by in situ crystallization from A-type granite melts, alongside accumulation of residual garnets left behind after partial melting of the host garnet-rich granites along the intrusive contact. Magmatic-fluid flow along the NW–SE striking fault of Najd system enhanced garnet accumulation in melts, which formed clots and veins of garnet.

Geochronology, geochemistry, mineralogy and metallogenic implications of the Zhaojinggou Nb-Ta deposit in the northern margin of the North China Craton, China

Geochemistry, Sr–Nd–Pb–Hf isotopes systematics and geochronological constrains on petrogenesis of the Xishan A-type granite and associated W–Sn mineralization in Guangdong Province, South China

The primary goal of this work is to integrate airborne gamma-ray spectrometry with multispectral data from ASTER and Landsat-8 for mapping of the geology, radiometric data, and types of alterations of Gabal Abu Ashayir-Gabal El Bakriyah area, central Eastern Desert, Egypt. Utilizing various image processing techniques like color band composites (CBC), principal component analysis (PCA), band ratios (BR), and minimum noise fraction (MNF), it is possible to map the hydrothermal alterations zones and identify the lithological units under investigation. By identifying the various lithological units and alteration types, these results are validated and verified in the field. These methods’ outputs are combined to create an accurate geological map of the research region and tracing the propylitic, phyllic and iron oxy-hydroxides alterations. These rock units are ophiolitic mélange (oldest), arc metavolcanics, arc granitoids, younger gabbro, late-collision granites (monzogranites, syenogranites and alkali feldspar granites) and Nubian Sandstone (Taref formation and Quseir Formation) youngest, Furthermore, the radioactive anomalies are primarily associated with ferrugination zones (iron oxy-hydroxides alteration) at Gabal El Bakriyah monzogranite and alkali feldspar granite. The radioactive minerals are uranothorite, thorite and fergusonite. The opaque minerals that encountered at the rock units of Gabal Abu Ashayir-Gabal El Bakriyah are chromite, ilmenite, magnetite, chalcopyrite and chalcocite, whereas the non-opaque minerals comprises titanite, rutile, fluorite, garnet, zircon, apatite and barite.

Age and petrogenesis of the Madi intrusion in the Huashi area, northern margin of the North China Craton: Implications for magma evolution and Nb–Ta mineralization

The Hacımahmutuşağı area (Aksaray/Turkey) is located in the western part of the Central Anatolian Crystalline Complex (CACC). Gneiss and marble compose the basement units, while intrusive rocks are gabbros and granitoids. The pegmatitic hornblende gabbros contain pegmatitic to fine-grained hornblendes, plagioclase, clinopyroxene, and accessory opaque minerals. The fine-grained gabbros, on the other hand, are composed of plagioclase, hornblende, and biotite as major components whereas the apatite and opaque minerals are present in accessory content. Granitic– granodioritic rocks are the common intrusive rock types in the area, and constitute quartz, orthoclase, plagioclase and biotite, and accessory zircon and opaque minerals. Leucogranites, comprising quartz, orthoclase, plagioclase with minor biotite, hornblende, and with accessory apatite and opaque minerals, are found as dykes intruding the marble and the granitic–granodioritic rocks. Strontium–neodymium isotope data of gabbros and granitoids have high 87Sr/86Sr(i) ratios (0.7076 to 0.7117) and low ɛNd(i) values (−5.0 to −9.8) point out enriched source and pronounced crustal contribution in their genesis. In the Hacımahmutuşağı area, it is plausible that the heat increase caused by the hot zone, which was generated by underplating mafic magma along with the hydrous mafic sills in the lower crust, might have resulted in partial melts from crystallized mafic sills and older crustal rocks. It can be suggested that these hybrid melts adiabatically rose to the shallow crust, ponded and crystallized there and formed the magma source of the intrusive rocks within the Hacımahmutuşağı area and the other hybrid granitic rocks with crustal signatures in the CACC. Geochemical data indicate that granitoids and gabbros are collision to post-collision related sub-alkaline rocks derived from an enriched source with extensive crustal inputs.

Pseudo-ternary Fe78P13C9 (the real composition is Fe77.6Si1.4P12.7C8.3) bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) with the maximum diameter of 1.5 mm based on industrial raw materials has been prepared by J-quenching technique using the master alloys with fluxing treatment, whereas fully amorphous alloy rod with the diameter of 1.0 mm cannot be obtained by the same preparation method using the master alloy without fluxing treatment. It is indicated that the glass formation ability (GFA) of the present Fe-based alloys based on industrial raw materials can be greatly enhanced through fluxing treatment. For comparison, the amorphous alloy rod with the same composition based on the pure raw materials has also been prepared by the same preparation technique and the critical diameter for fully glass formation gets to 2.0 mm. The DSC result indicates that the present Fe-based BMG based on industrial raw materials reveals higher thermal stability compared with the BMG based on pure raw materials. The magnetic tests show that the saturation magnetizations of the present Fe-based BMGs prepared by pure raw materials and industrial raw material are around 1.40 T, and have no significant difference. Compressive tests show that the present Fe-based BMG based on industrial raw materials exhibits higher compressive fracture strength (3.11 GPa) and slightly less plastic strain (0.8 pct) compared with the BMG based on pure raw materials with the same composition.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the legal regulation of plastic waste management as an industrial raw material from the perspective of protecting the environment, and how the implementation, constraining factors, and efforts to manage plastic waste as industrial raw material from the perspective of protecting the environment.
 Research methodology: The research method of this journal is normative juridical (legal research) through a literature study with an empirical juridical approach (sociological juridical) through field studies aimed at empirically obtaining legal knowledge.
 Results: The results showed that the legal regulation of plastic waste management as an industrial raw material from the perspective of protecting the environment; Article 36 of Law Number 32 of 2009 regulates activities that are required to have an EIA or UKL-UPL must have an environmental permit, and environmental permits are issued by the Minister, governor, or regent/mayor. Specifically, plastic waste management is also regulated in Article 4 of the Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia (Number 22 of 2021). The implementation of plastic waste management as an industrial raw material from the perspective of protecting the environment at PT Agromas Batam Pratama resulted in the evaluation of wastewater quality exceeding the predetermined quality standards. There are various obstacles, such as policy, availability of plastic waste, technology, and human resource awareness. These constraints affect the management of plastic waste in the context of environmental protection. However, the government's supervisory efforts, namely periodic evaluation, have the potential to cause environmental pollution.

Reusing waste through various activities and efficient and effective use of resources have led to the circular economy as a further growth opportunity. The circular economy has spread in various directions like agriculture and industry. The main focus of circular economy is to minimize or eliminate the use of non-renewable inputs in a production system and to maximize or optimize the reuse of these materials within the same system. In addition, circular agriculture is expected to reduce environmental impacts through soil regeneration and input use. Activities in rice cultivation include sowing, fertilizing, watering, and harvesting, and these activities can be done using biological and other agricultural methods in an environmentally friendly way instead of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides, and further minimizing the accumulation of waste. Burning rice straw and husks emits lot of CO2 into the environment. However, these can be used as raw materials for various industries. Rice residue is an excellent source of nutrients and beneficial for human health. Thus, circular economy methods can be used in rice cultivation by cultivating more productive and suitable rice varieties, reducing the amount of waste released into the environment in various ways, and using discarded waste as raw materials for industries. This study focuses on determining the applicability of circular economy methods to rice cultivation and processing. Accordingly, it appears that in the rice industry, circular economy methods are applied to reduce the release of unnecessary air and waste into the environment and effectively reuse the waste. This will create an eco-friendly and safe environment.

The high level of affluence in the U.S. is consuming industrial raw materials at a very high rate—and at a steadily increasing rate as our level of affluence continues to rise. Most of these industrial raw materials are of mineral origin, such as petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, copper, chromium, nickel, aluminum, and the like. In addition, we get lumber, wood pulp, natural rubber, and some vegetable oils from forest resources, and cotton, wool, and a few other industrial raw materials from agricultural sources. The only important industrial raw materials we get from the ocean are salt, magnesium, and bromine (other than offshore petroleum production). In this discussion I am referring only to nonfood raw materials. Our domestic mineral and forest resources are being rapidly depleted— to the point where the U.S. is being forced to import more and more of her industrial raw materials. This trend has been going ...

The Huichizi granite complex is the largest Paleozoic I-type intrusion located in the North Qinling orogenic belt (NQB). In this study, we present systematic geochemical element data, zircon U-Pb ages, Lu-Hf isotopic data, and Sr-Nd isotopic data for the Huichizi granites. In terms of mineral and chemical compositions, these granites are biotite monzonitic and alkali-feldspar granites, both of which are characterized by high TiO2 and total alkali contents and low MgO, TiO2, and TFeO contents. These granites are weakly peraluminous (A/CNK values are 1–1.06 for biotite monzonitic granites and 1.04–1.09 for alkali-feldspar granites) and possess the geochemical characteristics of adakitic rocks, e.g., high Sr contents (319 ppm–633 ppm), Sr/Y ratios (18.5–174), and (La/Yb)N ratios (17.6–57) and low MgO (0.04 wt.%–0.83 wt.%), Y (3.0 ppm–17.2 ppm), and heavy rare-earth element (HREE) contents. This indicates that these rocks were most likely derived from the partial melting of a thickened lower crust. In situ zircon U-Pb dating of these granites yields Early Caledonian ages (437 Ma for biotite monzonitic granites and 424 Ma for alkali-feldspar granites), indicating that the Huichizi granitic complex is the product of multi-periodic magmatism. The positive but varying zircon eHf(t) values (+0.6 to +8.5) suggest that this thickened lower crust was mainly juvenile, i.e., accreted from depleted mantle during the Neo-Mesoproterozoic Period, but involved the ancient recycled crust. Biotite monzonitic granites formed during crust thickening at the extrusion stage, whereas the alkali granites formed during crust thickening at the extension stage (post extrusion). The Huichizi granite complex witnessed the process of extrusion to extension because of the collision between the NCB and the Qinling microcontinent in the Caledonian.

The Igla Ahmr region in the Central Eastern Desert (CED) of Egypt comprises mainly syenogranites and alkali feldspar granites, with a few tonalite xenoliths. The mineral potential maps were presented in order to convert the concentrations of total rare earth elements (REEs) and associated elements such as Zr, Nb, Ga, Y, Sc, Ta, Mo, U, and Th into mappable exploration criteria based on the line density, five alteration indices, random forest (RF) machine learning, and the weighted sum model (WSM). According to petrography and geochemical analysis, random forest (RF) gives the best result and represents new locations for rare metal mineralization compared with the WSM. The studied tonalites resemble I-type granites and were crystallized from mantle-derived magmas that were contaminated by crustal materials via assimilation, while the alkali feldspar granites and syenogranites are peraluminous A-type granites. The tonalites are the old phase and are considered a transitional stage from I-type to A-type, whereas the A-type granites have evolved from the I-type ones. Their calculated zircon saturation temperature TZr ranges from 717 °C to 820 °C at pressure < 4 kbar and depth < 14 km in relatively oxidized conditions. The A-type granites have high SiO2 (71.46–77.22 wt.%), high total alkali (up to 9 wt.%), Zr (up to 482 ppm), FeOt/(FeOt + MgO) ratios > 0.86, A/CNK ratios > 1, Al2O3 + CaO < 15 wt.%, and high ΣREEs (230 ppm), but low CaO and MgO and negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* = 0.24–0.43). These chemical features resemble those of post-collisional rare metal A-type granites in the Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS). The parent magma of these A-type granites was possibly derived from the partial melting of the I-type tonalitic protolith during lithospheric delamination, followed by severe fractional crystallization in the upper crust in the post-collisional setting. Their rare metal-bearing minerals, including zircon, apatite, titanite, and rutile, are of magmatic origin, while allanite, xenotime, parisite, and betafite are hydrothermal in origin. The rare metal mineralization in the Igla Ahmr granites is possibly attributed to: (1) essential components of both parental peraluminous melts and magmatic-emanated fluids that have caused metasomatism, leading to rare metal enrichment in the Igla Ahmr granites during the interaction between rocks and fluids, and (2) structural control of rare metals by the major NW–SE structures (Najd trend) and conjugate N–S and NE–SW faults, which all are channels for hydrothermal fluids that in turn have led to hydrothermal alteration. This explains why rare metal mineralization in granites is affected by hydrothermal alteration, including silicification, phyllic alteration, sericitization, kaolinitization, and chloritization.

In this study, we present zircon U‐Pb ages, whole‐rock geochemical data and Hf isotopic compositions for the Meiguifeng and Arxan plutons in Xing'an Massif, Great Xing'an Range, which can provide important information in deciphering both Mesozoic magmatism and tectonic evolution of NE China. The zircon U‐Pb dating results indicate that alkali feldspar granite from Meiguifeng pluton was emplaced at ∼145 to 137 Ma, and granite porphyry of Arxan pluton was formed at ∼129 Ma. The Meiguifeng and Arxan plutons have similar geochemical features, which are characterized by high silica, total alkalis, differentiation index, with low P2O5, CaO, MgO, TFe2O3 contents. They belong to high‐K calc‐alkaline series, and show weakly peraluminous characteristics. The Meiguifeng and Arxan plutons are both enriched in LREEs and LILEs (e.g., Rb, Th, U and K), and depleted in HREEs and HFSEs (e.g., Nb, Ta and Ti). Combined with the petrological and geochemical features, the Meiguifeng and Arxan plutons show highly fractionated I‐type granite affinity. Moreover, the Meiguifeng and Arxan plutons may share a common or similar magma source, and they were probably generated by partial melting of Neoproterozoic high‐K basaltic crust. Meanwhile, plagioclase, K‐feldspar, biotite, apatite, monazite, allanite and Ti‐bearing phases fractionated from the magma during formation of Meiguifeng and Arxan plutons. Combined with spatial distribution and temporal evolution, we assume that the generation of Early Cretaceous Meiguifeng and Arxan plutons in Great Xing'an Range was closely related to the break‐off of Mudanjiang oceanic plate. Furthermore, the Mudanjiang Ocean was probably a branch of Paleo‐Pacific Ocean.

Pitinga Province is one of the main tin provinces of the Amazonian craton. The oldest unit in the studied area is the Iricoumé Group, which consists of rhyolites and rhyodacites with a 207Pb/206Pb zircon age of 1888 ± 3 Ma. This volcanic sequence is intruded by five A-type granite plutons. The studied portion of the Europa pluton is homogeneous, and composed of a peralkaline alkali-amphibole hypersolvus granite that yielded a 207Pb/206Pb zircon age of 1829 ± 1 Ma. The early facies of the Madeira pluton consists of a metaluminous amphibole-biotite syenogranite (rapakivi facies) with a 207Pb/206Pb zircon age of 1824 ± 2 Ma. It is intruded by a 1822 ± 1 Ma, mildly peraluminous biotite syenogranite. The later facies of this pluton consist of a porphyritic, hypersolvus, alkali-feldspar granite and an albite granite. Field relationships and an extensive drilling survey indicate that these two facies are sheet-shaped and were emplaced almost simultaneously. The hypersolvus alkali-feldspar granite has a 207Pb/206Pb zircon age of 1818 ± 2 Ma. Taking in account its field relationships with the albite granite, a similar age is assumed for the latter. The albite granite intrudes the biotite granite and rapakivi granite facies of the Madeira pluton, which was emplaced by shallow-level cauldron subsidence. The albite granite is sheet shaped and consists of a magmatic peralkaline cryolite-bearing core facies partially surrounded by an autometa-somatic peraluminous fluorile-bearing border facies. Both albite granite facies are strongly tin-mineralized and display anomalous contents of Nb, Rb, Zr, and REE. A massive body of cryolite and pegmatitic rocks is associated with the albite granite. The contrast in age between the Iricoume Group and the Europa + Madeira granites demonstrates that the plutons are not subvolcanic intrusions related to the extrusives. The ages of 1824 ± 2 Ma, 1822 ± 2 Ma, and 1818 ± 2 Ma obtained, respectively, for the amphibole + biotite syenogranite, biotite granite, and porphyritic hypersolvus granite of the Madeira pluton are consistent with the emplacement sequence inferred for these facies. These ages indicate that the Madeira pluton was emplaced in a relatively short time. Its facies are a little younger than the peralkaline granite of the Europa pluton, suggesting that the latter is not coeval with the Madeira peralkaline albite granite.

Feather waste is a type of livestock by-product which is quite abundant. Feather waste production is influenced by the amount of poultry slaughter. In Indonesia, the poultry population occupies the highest number compared to other livestock populations. The large amount of feather waste production will also trigger livestock waste production. Various attempts have been made by researchers and industry to process and utilize this waste. Increasing the added value of feather waste is expected to be able to contribute to reducing the rate of waste production. Feather waste has been widely used in the poultry industry as animal feeds ingredients. In addition, Feather waste has also been used as a medium in sports activities and furniture raw materials through the production of home industries. Currently, the development of research by scientists related to alternatives to the use of feather waste has been growing rapidly. Various challenges to reduce the production of feather waste have been carried out to create environmentally friendly products. The purpose of this review was aims to evaluate the development of the latest research technology related to the potential and use of poultry feather waste as raw material in the industrial field.