Abstract
Many patients and expectant mothers in low-income countries bypass local health facilities in search of better-quality services. This study examines the impact of a payment-for-performance (P4P) scheme on bypassing practices among expectant women in Tanzania. We expect the P4P intervention to reduce incidences of bypassing by improving the quality of services in local health facilities, thereby reducing the incentive to migrate. We used a difference-in-difference regression model to assess the impact of P4P on bypassing after one year and after three years. In addition, we implemented a machine learning approach to identify factors that predict bypassing. Overall, 38% of women bypassed their local health service provider to deliver in another facility. Our analysis shows that the P4P scheme significantly reduced bypassing. On average, P4P reduced bypassing in the study area by 17% (8 percentage points) over three years. We also identified two main predictors of bypassing - facility type and the distance to the closest hospital. Women are more likely to bypass if their local facility is a dispensary instead of a hospital or a health center. Women are less likely to bypass if they live close to a hospital.
Highlights
As this study focuses on bypassing, the sample used for analysis includes only women who delivered in a facility and the women who were living in the same home at the time of the survey as when they gave birth
We describe the evolution of bypassing by group and discuss the strongest correlates of bypassing
Bypassing local health facilities is a common practice among patients in developing countries, including among expectant women bypassing their local service provider to deliver in their preferred facility
Summary
Bypassing local health facilities is a common practice among patients in low-income countries, including among women bypassing their local service provider to deliver in their preferred facility (Fleming et al, 2016; Gauthier and Wane, 2011; Kruk et al, 2009a,b; Salazar et al, 2016; Shah, 2016). Low-income users bypass high quality health service providers in search of less expensive treatment in alter native facilities (Kante et al, 2016; Kruk et al, 2009a,b)
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