Abstract

Abstract The present investigation deals with the analysis of the spatial pattern formation of a diffusive predator–prey system with ratio-dependent functional response involving the influence of intra-species competition among predators within two-dimensional space. The appropriate condition of Turing instability around the interior equilibrium point of the present model has been determined. The emergence of complex patterns in the diffusive predator–prey model is illustrated through numerical simulations. These results are based on the existence of bifurcations of higher codimension such as Turing–Hopf, Turing-Saddle–node, Turing-Transcritical bifurcation, and the codimension- 3 ​Turing–Takens–Bogdanov bifurcation. The paper concludes with discussions of our results in ecology.

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