Partial Mobilization for a Partial War: The “Put’ Domoy” Movement and the Transformation of the Social Contract in Wartime Russia

Objective — to study a relationship between lipid, carbohydrate and uric acid metabolism disorders and anthropometric indices of visceral obesity (VO) as a risk factor for hyperuricemia in patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN) and essential hypertension (EH) in the conditions of wartime time. Materials and methods. The clinical study involved 70 patients (43 (61.4%) females and 27 (38.6%) males with DN of II—IV stages and EH of II—III stages, aged 38 to 82 years old (average age — 62.47±1.91 years) who were examined twice: in peace time (2020—2021) and in war time (2022—2023). Standard parameters of lipid profile (total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high‑density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‑C)) were measured in all included patients with the use of an immune enzyme method. Very low‑density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL‑C), low‑density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‑C) were calculated by known formulas. Serum glucose and insulin levels were measured by glucose oxidase and enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay, glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) — by liquid chromatography, and creatinine — by photometric method. Insulin resistance (IR) indices such as HOMA‑IR, triglyceride‑glucose index (TGGI), METS‑IR (metabolic score for insulin resistance) index were calculated by known formulas. Cardiometabolic risk (CMR) of the patients was estimated by METS‑IR index. Body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage (BFP), total fat mass (TFM) and fat mass index (FMI) in all the patients were calculated by standard known formulas. Serum uric acid (UA) concentration was measured with phosphovolframic method. We calculated the values of UA/HDL‑C and UA/creatinine associated with the components of IR syndrome. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP) were measured by Korotkov’s method. Heart rate (HR) at rest was detected with auscultation. Data of patients’ examination were analyzed before treatment prescription. The results were statistically analysed with computer programs Microsoft Excel 2003 and Statistica 23.0. Results. The stress of military time was established to aggravate diabetic dyslipoproteinemia (DLP) phenotype: an increase of serum concentrations of TC (p=0.046) due to elevation of LDL‑C (p=0.048), VLDL‑C (p=0.036) and a moderate decrease of HDL‑C (by 10.2%; p=0.01). Activation of visceral fat lipolysis was found to be present in patients with DN and EH in the conditions of war and evidenced by an increase of correlation relationship between BFP, TFM and LDL‑C in military and peace time, correspondingly (r=0.477; p=0.02 and r=0.483; p=0.04 compared with r=0.459; p=0.01 and r=0.461; p=0.03). The stress associated with the war was shown to promote an elevation of SBP (p=0.039), DBP (p=0.047) and acceleration of HR (p=0.044). There was a correlation between SBP and HDL‑C (r=–0.488; p=0.018), between DBP and serum TG concentration (r=+0.468; p=0.013) and HDL‑C (r=–0.424; p=0.02) due to the close relationship of the lipid ratio TG/HDL‑C with IR. In time of war in patients with DN and EH there was an elevation of HbA1c level (p=0.006) associated with fasting glycemia (r=0.522; p=0.001) and serum HDL‑C (r=–0.464; p=0.034) as well as an elevation of IR indices such as TGGI (p=0.033) and METS‑IR (p=0.016) associated with CMR. The latter elevated due to fasting hyperglycemia, increase of BMI (p=0.043) as a result of FMI (p=0.013) and body weight (p=0.014) elevation due to increase of BFP (p=0.022) and TFM (p=0.018) as well as due to increase of serum TG (p=0.032) and a decrease of serum HDL‑C level (p=0.01). In patients with DN and EH in war time there was a moderate elevation of serum UA level (p=0.008) and elevation of UA/HDL‑C ratio (p=0.001) as well as reduction of UA/creatinine ratio (p=0.017). UA/HDL‑C ratio was associated with TFM (r=0.522; p=0.001 in peace time and r=0.549; p=0.003 in military time; χ2=9.901; p=0.002). There was an association of UA/creatinine ratio with lipid index of IR (TG/HDL‑C ratio) (r=0.575; p=0.001 and r=0.509; p=0.002 at military and peace time, correspondingly; χ2=10.551; p=0.001) as well as with non‑lipid IR index (HOMA‑IR) (r=0.516; p=0.003 and r=0.491; p=0.005 at war and peace time correspondingly; χ2=8.074; p=0.021). The realization of this association is probably a result of a relationship between UA/creatinine ratio and BFP (r=0.498; p=0.004 at military time and r=0.487; p=0.002 at peace time; χ2=7.993; p=0.036). Conclusions. The stress of military time in patients with DN and EH aggravates metabolic disorders such as IR and DLP as well as hemodynamic ones such as elevation of SBP and DBP and HR acceleration. In this case stress‑induced IR and DLP are associated with serum UA through such metabolic mediators as fasting glycemia and insulinemia, serum concentrations of TG and HDL‑C and also increased BMI due to body weight elevation as a result of increased BFP and TFM. Lipid index of IR (TG/HDL‑C) and its index such as HOMA‑IR are concluded to be significant links in the relationship between UA/creatinine ratio and VO mediated by BFP.

The concept of the author's project of psychosocial support of the population in wartime conditions (on the example of the Dnipropetrovsk region), which includes a training course in psychological diagnosis and assistance, as well as the formation of social communications for the development of psychological stability and social cohesion in times of war is defined in the article. The directions of the educational and practical course, aimed at the formation of psychological stability and effective social communications, are substantiated, taking into account the results of the survey "The role of psychosocial support in wartime conditions". Within the framework of the study, the diagnosis of the needs of the population of the Dnipropetrovsk region in psychosocial support was carried out, taking into account the presence of stressful events and changes in professional/material/ social status; the educational and practical module on psychological diagnosis and assistance in wartime conditions and the educational and practical module on the formation of social communications in wartime were developed. Monitoring the effectiveness of the program of psychosocial support of the population involves taking into account both quantitative and qualitative indicators of the effectiveness of its implementation. It was determined that the implementation of the proposed measures within the psychosocial support program will allow to achieve both shortterm and long-term results. In particular, in the short term, the following is expected: improvement in the psychoemotional and physical health of project participants; finding internal and external resources to restore strength and psychological stability; increasing the level of cohesion of citizens and forming new social ties. According to the results of the training courses within the project, in the long term, a significant improvement in the psychological and physiological state of the participants is expected due to the use of psychological self-help practices in difficult situations, the knowledge of which was obtained during the project. In addition, participation in the educational and practical module on the formation of social communications will provide an opportunity for long-term strengthening of social ties and strengthening of people's cohesion, which is of great importance in times of war, increasing the morale of the population and its role in approaching victory.

After independence, subsidies have been a cornerstone of the social contracts in the Middle East and North Africa. Governments spent heavily to reduce poverty and strengthen their legitimacy. Yet, subsidies became financially unsustainable and donors pressed for reforms. This article assesses reform processes in Morocco, Egypt and Iran between 2010 and 2017, thus before sanctions against Iran were further tightened and before the COVID-19 pandemic. We show that even though the three countries had similar approaches to subsidisation, they have used distinct strategies to reduce subsidies and minimise social unrest—with the effect that their respective social contracts developed differently. Morocco tried to preserve its social contract as much as possible; it removed most subsidies, explained the need for reform, engaged in societal dialogue and implemented some compensatory measures, preserving most of its prevailing social contract. Egypt, in contrast, dismantled subsidy schemes more radically, without systematic information and consultation campaigns and offered limited compensation. By using repression and a narrative of collective security, the government transformed the social contract from a provision to a protection pact. Iran replaced subsidies with a more cost-efficient and egalitarian quasi-universal cash transfer scheme, paving the way to a more inclusive social contract. We conclude that the approach that governments used to reform subsidies transformed social contracts in fundamentally different ways and we hypothesize on the degree of intentionality of these differences.

Purpose. To investigate occupational safety and seek recommendations for its improvement in the context of the impact of individual factors on the mental health of workers in conditions of wartime. Methodology. To achieve the goal, the following research methods were used in the work: analytical – analysis of scientific and technical literature; sociological – studying the state of industrial injuries with fatal consequences; statistical – processing of statistical data. Results. The analysis of the latest research and publications on this issue has been carried out, and the current legislative and regulatory acts regarding the impact of mental health on occupational safety have been investigated. It is shown that the high level of industrial injuries in Ukraine for 10 months of 2023 indicates the shortcomings of guaranteeing labor safety. The main types of events that led to fatal accidents have been presented, and it has been noted that more than a third of them are related to the conduct of hostilities. It has been determined that the international standard ISO 45003:2021 "Occupational health and safety management. Psychological health and occupational safety at work. Guidelines for the management of psychosocial risks" contains instructions for planning, implementation, evaluation of the health and safety management system in the workforce, which are appropriate to use in wartime. The main factors that cause the appearance of stress during the performance of labor duties have been given. Recommendations for the formation of a psychologically safe working environment at the enterprise under martial law conditions have been offered. Scientific novelty. The study involves a comprehensive investigation of individual factors of workers' mental health in the context of occupational safety in times of war. Practical significance. Managing psychosocial risks and providing psychological support to workers can be crucial elements of business strategies to reduce the level of industrial injuries and create a safe and healthy working environment in times of war.

Between 1970 and 1974 social policy had an importance in the strategy of the Labour Party which was unprecedented in the post 1945–51 period, becoming an integral part of the negotiations with the trade union movement over incomes policy. In response to the industrial strife under the Conservatives, both wings of the labour movement sought an accommodation which could be presented to the electorate as a means of achieving industrial peace and economic prosperity. To achieve this, they engaged in a process of political exchange in order to secure wage restraint, the Labour Party offering firm commitments in areas vital to the concerns of the trade union movement. Thus a number of social welfare policies formed the basis of the social wage component of a ‘social contract’ — the social wage representing policies which were of value to the standard of living of both workers and their families beyond the pay packet.

Aim: The aim is to analyze the possibilities of coaching technologies for training future specialists in the field of education for sustainable development in war conditions, to characterise the role of psychoeducation in this process.. Materials and Methods: The research used a number of scientific methods: general scientific (analysis, synthesis, generalization), specific search, and analysis of the source base, made it possible to determine the general trends in the study of the problem of the psychoeducation in the process of professional training of future specialists for sustainable development in wartime conditions, analyze the achievements of Ukrainian and foreign scientists, to distinguish the common and the different in the scientific research of scientists. Conclusions: One of the tools for ensuring the development of education under wartime conditions, as our experience shows, is the introduction of the latest technologies, in particular coaching, and the actualization of psychoeducation, which under the conditions of the russian-Ukrainian war gained special importance in the professional training of specialists in view of the constant need for psychological support with the help of all participants in the educational process. Various methods, tools and forms of psychoeducation serve as psychological assistance to higher education students, and through the introduction of coaching technologies, it is possible to achieve not only the formation of key competencies of future professionals, increase their general culture, improve mental health, but also to constantly improve themselves, form the ability to comprehend, overcome various mental problems, stressful situations, and finally, to maintain physical, mental, and spiritual health in war time.

In the article, the author examines the legislative provisions regarding the tactical competence of the National Police of Ukraine during the performance of their official and combat tasks, including combat training of personnel during a state of war. Specifically, attention has been given to the origins of some fundamental concepts in their work, the authority to ensure and implement measures of the legal framework during a state of war, the performance of official duties, and the execution of combat tasks by police officers. The research's scientific novelty lies in the in­depth theoretical study of the legal aspects of tactical competence of National Police officers while carrying out their official and combat duties. The performance of police services during times of war, emergencies, or other critical situations necessitates specific competencies, skills, and character traits for police personnel. Key requirements for police officers include the ability to make rapid decisions in critical situations, act while considering all circumstances, possess a basic level of military training and skills to effectively cooperate with military units and other law enforcement agencies during a state of war, take responsibility for organizing and providing humanitarian aid to civilians, including evacuation and first aid, as well as ensuring the preservation of the rights and freedoms of citizens, even in wartime conditions, avoiding excessive use of force, and regulating their activities in accordance with the law. The research underscores the importance of utilizing the appropriate competencies, skills, and character traits for the successful execution of tasks by police officers in times of war, emergency situations, and other critical circumstances.

The article focuses on the analysis of financial restructuring in times of war, specifically its significance, strategies, and challenges arising in the context of armed conflict. Key aspects such as reduced economic activity, financial pressure, and the threat of corporate bankruptcy in wartime conditions are examined. The article also identifies unresolved issues like socio-economic inequality and banking system instability. It highlights the importance of financial restructuring as a tool to overcome economic difficulties and ensure stability during a crisis conflict. The purpose of the article is to identify financial restructuring strategies in times of war, illuminate key challenges and unresolved issues in this context, and indicate possible ways to improve the effectiveness of financial reforms to ensure the stability of the economy and financial system during wartime. The relevance of researching financial restructuring in times of war for Ukraine is extremely high, given the country's complex geopolitical conditions and the challenges it faces. War, aggressive actions by neighboring states, and global instability make Ukraine's financial sector vulnerable to external shocks and economic turbulence. The significance of this topic is underscored by the necessity to develop and implement strategies aimed at ensuring the stability of the financial system, supporting economic development, and ensuring social well-being in the context of wartime conflict. Further research in this direction is a crucial step in understanding the impact of wartime on financial markets and in developing innovative strategies that will enable Ukraine to effectively adapt to challenges and maintain economic resilience in these unpredictable conditions. The analysis reveals prospects for improving financial restructuring through the adoption of innovative technologies and enhancement of regulatory mechanisms. The research provides practical recommendations for leadership and financial institutions to more effectively address financial challenges during wartime. In conclusion, the article emphasizes the importance of further research in this area and suggests possible paths for developing strategies aimed at stabilizing the financial system and ensuring economic resilience in unpredictable wartime conditions.

This introductory chapter presents the book's argument that collective crimes, or targeted violence against civilians in times of war, are acts with a political goal. But why does targeted violence against civilians occur in some communities and not in others in time of war? This is because the process of ethnicization was triggered there first by two related mechanisms: the exclusion of moderates and the production of borders. Ethnicization can be defined as the fusing of a political goal with ethnicity in order to secure political support. As a result, the range of political options becomes more limited, ambiguity of identification is artificially reduced, and defection from in-group is prevented. Even before the war had started, some communities had already transformed into amoral communities. In these communities, individuals were stripped of the freedom to express themselves or act on the basis of their personal views if those views did not align with one of the dominant and accepted political views. In those communities, eventually, the very definition of crime became altered by the wartime conditions described in the discourse of the local political leaders as the “state of exception,” under which violence against civilians defined as the “enemy” on the other side of the newly drawn border was seen as a form of justified and preemptive self-defense against perceived threats. The chapter then provides a historical context of the first political crises and instances of violence in the territory of Croatia.

The article is devoted to the peculiarities of conducting journalistic communication in modern Ukrainian cyberspace, in particular: models of interaction with the audience ("war chronicles" and "war emotions"), the functioning of war narratives in the media space and the interaction of leading online mass media with the readers in social networks. An attention is also paid to creating information cyberspace in times of war – specific media vocabulary related to the Russian invasion of Ukraine. The author provides recommendations on thorough approaches and methods of conducting journalistic communication in the сyberspace. It is argued that the communication space of Ukrainian online media, which is created in wartime conditions with the help of strategic narratives, is primarily an environment for the production of meaning for the new Ukrainian e-journalism. Its standards are being revised from the perspective of the so-called effectiveness of waging information warfare against the enemy, consolidating Ukrainians, and facilitating the transmission of wartime “infonoise” by the military and the civilian population.

Research objectives (aims) and problem(s):The aim of this article is to present the theoretical foundations of educational management during wartime and to share the results of research on various aspects of school leadership in Ukraine. It focuses on practices necessary to sustain the educational process under wartime conditions, particularly in support of internally displaced students (war refugees). Research methods: A survey was conducted using a questionnaire developed by the author, targeting principals from various types of schools in western Ukraine. The study also involved an analysis of contemporary literature on school management in crisis situations, especially during armed conflict. The findings were organized into tables and visualized in graphs. Process of argumentation: Since the onset of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, a significant number of families with children have been displaced from the eastern and southern regions to the west. School principals faced numerous new challenges in the following areas: ensuring the safety and well-being of students and staff, integrating internally displaced students into new school environments, delivering education in hybrid formats (in-person and remote), providing psychological and pedagogical support, and ensuring stress resilience in educational communities. These conditions have created a pressing need for research and pedagogical discourse on educational management in times of war. Research findings and their impact on the development of educational sciences: The study indicates that schools in western Ukraine have successfully adapted to working under wartime conditions. Principals implemented changes to protect students and staff and have met the integration needs of children traumatized by war. Conclusions and/or recommendations: The research shows the changes introduced in the management of Ukrainian schools to ensure educational continuity during wartime. Under crisis conditions, key recommendations include maintaining stable funding for educational institutions, ensuring clear and effective communication, and promoting innovation in online learning platforms.

The article considers the problem of cardinal revision of the social contract (SC) between the Russian society and the supreme power, which emerged as a result of the global transformation of the geopolitical system in 2022. The shifts that have begun mark a radical change in the mode of governance of the country. The subject of the article is the general contours, content and logic of the new SC; the methodological basis is institutional theory, the paradigm of historical narratives and philosophical concepts of social orientation. The revised SC includes the following requirements: new ideology; definition of the country's economic structure; provision of professional social elevators and personal responsibility; integration of the Bank of Russia into the general government system; economy debureaucratization; fight against extreme forms of inequality; cessation of uncontrolled immigration; and introduction of responsibility for political sabotage. The bearing structure of the new SC is the ideology of the Russian Civilization, which is determined by the disclosure of the following issues: concept, slogan, economic and social foundations, philosophical foundations, values, international status and the domestic perception. To determine the attitudes of Russians towards the idea of the Russian Civilization, a spontaneous conversation method was developed, which allowed to establish the "psychological triangle effect", the essence of which consists in the presence of three phases of perception of the idea — rejection, acceptance and use.

Two transitions in the evolution of the social contract are considered, the first from the dominance hierarchies of the great apes (used as a proxy for our prehuman ancestors) to the egalitarian political structure of non-sedentary hunter-gatherer bands, and the second, to the reintroduction of hierarchical institutions of governance, primarily a result of living in fixed settlements after the inception of agriculture. The first transition was a product of biological and cultural evolution, which brought about big brains, language, higher consciousness, and a lower rate of time preference that enabled early man to sustain an egalitarian social contract and thereby escape the domination that confronted his prehuman ancestors. The second transition was a product of cultural evolution alone. The high costs of enforcing the hunter-gatherer social contract caused it to break down and be replaced by hierarchy when the domestication of plants and animals gave rise to a sedentary existence and increased populations. However, it is shown that the very biological and cultural adaptations that made hunter-gatherer egalitarianism possible were a necessary foundation for the spontaneous creation of complex culture and the evolution of institutions that would once again eventually make freedom possible and economic prosperity possible.

‶Don’t Say Neigh, Say Yay”

This chapter examines the functioning and outcomes of the labour market in the context of the development model Saudi Arabia has pursued since the 1970s. The author notes the historical failure of policies to provide decent employment to Saudis outside the public sector, to increase productivity, and to accelerate economic growth despite massive revenues from the oil sector. The reasons for these less than satisfactory outcomes can be associated politically with a social contract that has been based on an authoritarian bargain between the political leaders and the citizens, and economically with the patronage of the private sector in such a way that its proceeds have mainly been appropriated by the establishment’s elite. This political and economic configuration combined with an excessive reliance on low-wage migrant labour has had a direct adverse effect on the employment outcomes for nationals. Vision 2030 aims to address these areas, among others, by eliminating corruption, energizing the economy through the private sector, reducing the number of migrants, and increasing the employment of nationals.