Parkinson's disease mortality and years of potential life lost in Iran: A 10-year national analysis (2013-2023).

BackgroundMortality statistics are traditionally used to quantify the burden of disease and to determine the relative importance of the various causes of death. Some of the most frequently used indices to quantify the burden of disease are the years of potential life lost (YPLL) and years of potential productive life lost (YPPLL). These two measures reflect the mortality trends in younger age groups and they provide a more accurate picture of premature mortality. This study was carried out to determine YPLL, YPPLL and cost of productivity lost (CPL) due to premature mortality caused by selected causes of deaths in Tanzania.Methods and findingsMalaria, respiratory diseases, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, cancers and injuries were selected for this analysis. The number of deaths by sex and age groups were obtained from hospital death registers and ICD-10 reporting forms in 39 public hospitals in Tanzania, covering a period of 2006–2015. The life expectancy method and human capital approach were used to estimate the YPLL, YPPLL and CPL due to premature mortality. During 2006–2015, malaria, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, respiratory diseases, HIV+tuberculosis, cancer and injury were responsible for a total of 96,834 hospital deaths, of which 46.4% (n = 57,508) were among individuals in the productive age groups (15–64 years). The reported deaths contributed to 2,850,928 YPLL (female = 1,326,724; male = 1,524,205) with an average of 29 years per death. The average YPLL among females (32) was higher than among males (28). Malaria (YPLL = 38 per death) accounted for over one-third (35%) of the total YPLL. There was a significant increase in YPLL due to the selected underlying causes of death over the 10-year period. Deaths from the selected causes resulted into 1,207,499 YPPLL (average = 21 per death). Overall, HIV/AIDS contributed to the highest YPPLL (323,704), followed by malaria (243,490) and injuries (196,505). While there was a general decrease in YPPLL due to malaria, there was an increase of YPPLL due to HIV/AIDS, respiratory diseases, cancer and injuries during the 10-year period. The total CPL due to the six diseases was US$ 148,430,009 for 10 years. The overall CPL was higher among males than females by 29.1%. Over half (58%) of the losses were due to deaths among males. HIV/AIDS accounted for the largest (29.2%) CPL followed by malaria (17.8%) and respiratory diseases (14.6%). The CPL increased from US$11.4 million in 2006 to US$17.9 million in 2016.ConclusionsThe YPLL, YPPLL and CPL due to premature death associated with the six diseases in Tanzania are substantially high. While malaria accounted for highest YPLL, HIV/AIDS accounted for highest YPPLL and CPL. The overall CPL was higher among males than among females. Setting resource allocation priorities to malaria, HIV/AIDS and respiratory diseases that are responsible for the majority of premature deaths could potentially reduce the costs of productivity loss in Tanzania.

This article examines the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on potential years of life lost (PYLL) in Romania's counties in 2020 and 2021. PYLL highlights the burden of premature deaths in a community and is a useful tool for prioritizing community health issues. The study compares the PYLL variation between different counties, identifying disparities in premature mortality rates and highlighting areas that require specific public health interventions. The results indicate that COVID-19 has had a significant impact on potential years of life lost across the country. For the year 2020, the total number of deaths from confirmed COVID-19 cases was 19,455, of which 14,152 premature deaths caused 193,489 PYLL, with a crude rate of 1053.28 PYLL per 100,000 inhabitants. In 2021, there were 39,966 deaths from confirmed COVID-19 cases, with 28,777 premature deaths, 386,061 PYLL, and a crude rate of 2116.63 PYLL per 100,000 population. This study reveals significant variations only in some counties, based on BYLL rates, and in the two years analyzed. The proportion of premature deaths (<80 years) varied by county and gender. PYLL's analysis by gender shows that men experienced a higher number of premature deaths than women in most counties, and this trend persisted in both years. The results are presented in the form of thematic maps, highlighting standardized PYLL rates for both genders in each county, facilitating a visual understanding of regional disparities. The identified variations can serve as a basis for developing and implementing more effective public health policies, based on the specifics of each county.

All causes of death related to the two risk factors, smoking and hazardous drinking, have been reviewed followed by a selection of those causes of death for which the causal role of the risk factor appears to be quasi-certain. For each cause, existing epidemiologic data were reviewed and used to determine the fraction of premature mortality which could be attributed to each factor (called the attributable fraction). This fraction was then multiplied by the corresponding Canadian premature mortality measured in terms of deaths between ages one and 70 and potential years of life lost (PYLL) between ages one and 70, which gives a higher weight to younger deaths. Of the 73,440 deaths between ages one and 70 in Canada in 1974, 12% (or 8718 deaths) were found to be attributable to current smoking and 6% (4716) to hazardous drinking. In terms of PYLL between ages one and 70, hazardous drinking ranks ahead of current smoking with 10% (or 132,044 PYLL) of the total PYLL, whereas current smoking represents 8% (105,085 PYLL) of the total . Regardless of whether premature mortality is expressed in terms of deaths or PYLL, about 18% of Canadian premature mortality is attributable to current smoking and/or drinking (with the range of possible values being 14-22%).

Years of potential life lost among heroin addicts 33 years after treatment

BackgroundContinuous surveillance of death can measure health status of the population, reflect social development of a region, thus promote health service development in the region and improve the health level of local residents. Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture was a poverty-stricken region in Sichuan province, China. While at the end of 2020, as the announcement of its last seven former severely impoverished counties had shaken off poverty, Liangshan declared victory against poverty. Since it is well known that the mortality and cause of death structure will undergo some undesirable changes as the economy develops, this study aimed to reveal the distribution of deaths, as well as analyze the latest mortality and death causes distribution characteristics in Liangshan in 2020, so as to provide references for the decision-making on health policies and the distribution of health resources in global poverty-stricken areas.MethodsLiangshan carried out the investigation on underreporting deaths among population in its 11 counties in 2018, and combined with the partially available data from underreporting deaths investigation data in 2020 and the field experience, we have estimated the underreporting rates of death in 2020 using capture-recapture (CRC) method. The crude mortality rate, age-standardized mortality rate, proportion and rank of the death causes, potential years of life lost (PYLL), average years of life lost (AYLL), potential years of life lost rate (PYLLR), standardized potential years of life lost (SPYLL), premature mortality from non-communicable diseases (premature NCD mortality), life expectancy and cause-eliminated life expectancy were estimated and corrected.ResultsIn 2020, Liangshan reported a total of 16,850 deaths, with a crude mortality rate of 608.75/100,000 and an age-standardized mortality rate of 633.50/100,000. Male mortality was higher than female mortality, while 0-year-old mortality of men was lower than women’s. The former severely impoverished counties’ age-standardized mortality and 0-year-old mortality were higher than those of the non-impoverished counties. The main cause of death spectrum was noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), and the premature NCD mortality of four major NCDs were 14.26% for the overall population, 19.16% for men and 9.27% for women. In the overall population, the top five death causes were heart diseases (112.07/100,000), respiratory diseases (105.85/100,000), cerebrovascular diseases (87.03/100,000), malignant tumors (73.92/100,000) and injury (43.89/100,000). Injury (64,216.78 person years), malignant tumors (41,478.33 person years) and heart diseases (29,647.83 person years) had the greatest burden on residents in Liangshan, and at the same time, the burden of most death causes on men were greater than those on women. The life expectancy was 76.25 years for overall population, 72.92 years for men and 80.17 years for women, respectively, all higher than the global level (73.3, 70.8 and 75.9 years).ConclusionsTaking Liangshan in China as an example, this study analyzed the latest death situation in poverty-stricken areas, and proposed suggestions on the formulation of health policies in other poverty-stricken areas both at home and abroad.

350 Background: We aim to illustrate the potential years of life lost (PYLL) and the average years of life lost (AYLL); secondary to genitourinary cancer in US during the period from 1972-2006 utilizing the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database, and illustrate the trends in the PYLL over this time period. Methods: PYLL were calculated to assess premature mortality trends in US for ureter, urinary bladder, kidney and renal pelvis, penis, testis, and prostate cancers. AYLL is the average of the differences between the actual ages at death and the expected remaining years of life for each person who died of cancer. Calculations were made based on the SEER cancer mortality data. Results: There were a total of 7,733,235 PYLL in both men and women secondary to urogenital cancer in US in the period from 1972-2006. In both males and females, the greatest PYLL were for kidney and renal pelvis cancer related mortality. In both sexes no improvement in PYLL secondary to ureteral and bladder cancer related mortality was observed. In males the greatest reduction in PYLL was in testicular cancer followed by prostate cancer. Conclusions: PYLL and AYLL are two powerful tools that reflect the impact of cancer related mortality on society. There has been an increasing trend in PYLL related to urogenital cancers over the last 35 years for both males and females. Kidney cancer had the highest increase in PYLL among both genders and more efforts are needed to address its progression. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

e17107 Background: Genitourinary (GU) cancers significantly impact United States (US) public health, not just in mortality but also in premature deaths. We evaluated the potential years of life lost (PYLL) due to these cancers (prostate, kidney, bladder, testicular, penile, and others) from 1975 to 2017 using the SEER database and stratified it across racial groups. Methods: From 1975 to 2017, GU cancers were identified using SEER*Stat 8.4.2 using ICD-10 CM codes. We analyzed premature deaths and calculated PYLL as [Life expectancy minus (age at diagnosis + survival time)]. Due to non-homogeneity, the Kruskal-Wallis test (α = 5%) was employed for subgroup PYLL analysis. Spearman correlation coefficient (ρ) assessed the relationship between the year of diagnosis and PYLL. Analyses were conducted using SAS OnDemand. Results: Of the 1,715,763 GU cancer cases (1975-2017), 235,279 had premature deaths, totaling 2,406,551.20 PYLL. Testicular cancer showed the highest median PYLL (33.3 years) compared to other sites, followed by penile cancer with a median PYLL of 12.2 years. Non-Hispanic (NH) Blacks had higher PYLL for prostate, kidney, ureteral, and bladder cancers (p&lt;0.05), while Hispanics had higher PYLL for penile and testicular cancers (p&lt;0.0001). ρ value for PYLL and year of diagnosis was 0.23. Conclusions: Our study reveals a substantial impact of GU cancers on premature mortality and PYLL in the US. Despite the lower prevalence, testicular and penile cancers contribute significantly to PYLL, likely related to younger age at diagnosis. Racial disparities were evident, with NH-Blacks and Hispanics experiencing higher PYLL for specific GU cancers compared to other racial groups. These findings underscore the pressing need for targeted interventions to address disparities and enhance GU cancer management and prevention outcomes. [Table: see text]

ObjectivesData from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) show that firearm deaths are increasing in the USA. The aims of this study were to determine the magnitude of...

Mortality analysis studies in Cabo Verde are scarce and those available are limited to short periods of analysis and to specific population groups. National mortality data reports do not quantify the burden of disease associated with premature mortality. This study estimated the years of potential life lost (YPLL), years of potential productive life lost (YPPLL) and the costs associated with them in Cabo Verde from 2016 to 2020 and aimed to determine trends of early mortality due to all causes of death. Mortality data were obtained from the Ministry of Health, Cabo Verde. Deaths that occurred from 2016 to 2020, in individuals aged between one (1) and 73 years old were analyzed by sex, age group, municipality and cause of death. YPLL, YPPLL and cost of productivity lost (CPL) were estimated using life expectancy and the human capital approach methods, respectively. There were 6100 deaths recorded in the sample population and males represented 68.1% (n = 4,154) of the reported deaths. The number of deaths verified corresponded to 145,544 YPLL, of which 69.0% (n = 100,389) were attributed to males. There were 4,634 deaths among individuals of working age, which resulted in 80 965 YPPLL, with males contributing 72.1% (n = 58,403) of the total YPPLL. The estimated CPL due to premature death was 98,659,153.23 USD. Injuries and external causes together accounted for 21,580,954.42 USD (21.9%) of CPL, while diseases of the circulatory system 18,843,260.42 USD (19.1%) and certain infectious and parasitic diseases accounted for 16,633,842.70 USD (16.9%). The study demonstrated the social and economic burden of premature mortality. The YPLL, YPPLL and CPL measures can be used to complement measures traditionally used to demonstrate the burden and loss of productivity due to premature mortality and to support resource allocation and public health decision making in Cabo Verde.

BackgroundUnderstanding the impact of the burden of COVID-19 is key to successfully navigating the COVID-19 pandemic. As part of a larger investigation on COVID-19 mortality impact, this study aims to estimate the Potential Years of Life Lost (PYLL) in 17 countries and territories across the world (Australia, Brazil, Cape Verde, Colombia, Cyprus, France, Georgia, Israel, Kazakhstan, Peru, Norway, England & Wales, Scotland, Slovenia, Sweden, Ukraine, and the United States [USA]).MethodsAge- and sex-specific COVID-19 death numbers from primary national sources were collected by an international research consortium. The study period was established based on the availability of data from the inception of the pandemic to the end of August 2020. The PYLL for each country were computed using 80 years as the maximum life expectancy.ResultsAs of August 2020, 442,677 (range: 18–185,083) deaths attributed to COVID-19 were recorded in 17 countries which translated to 4,210,654 (range: 112–1,554,225) PYLL. The average PYLL per death was 8.7 years, with substantial variation ranging from 2.7 years in Australia to 19.3 PYLL in Ukraine. North and South American countries as well as England & Wales, Scotland and Sweden experienced the highest PYLL per 100,000 population; whereas Australia, Slovenia and Georgia experienced the lowest. Overall, males experienced higher PYLL rate and higher PYLL per death than females. In most countries, most of the PYLL were observed for people aged over 60 or 65 years, irrespective of sex. Yet, Brazil, Cape Verde, Colombia, Israel, Peru, Scotland, Ukraine, and the USA concentrated most PYLL in younger age groups.ConclusionsOur results highlight the role of PYLL as a tool to understand the impact of COVID-19 on demographic groups within and across countries, guiding preventive measures to protect these groups under the ongoing pandemic. Continuous monitoring of PYLL is therefore needed to better understand the burden of COVID-19 in terms of premature mortality.

Back to table of contents Previous article Next article LettersFull AccessRace, Mental Illness, and Premature Mortality: Double Jeopardy?Elizabeth E. Piatt, Ph.D.Elizabeth E. PiattSearch for more papers by this author, Ph.D.Published Online:1 Feb 2011AboutSectionsPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail To the Editor: Racial-ethnic disparities in mortality have been extensively noted in the literature (1). A number of studies have also established that a diagnosis of a mental disorder increases a person's risk of premature death (2). However, research has not focused on the issue of “double jeopardy,” as postulated by Dowd and Bengtson (3). If race-ethnicity and a mental illness diagnosis lead to a double disadvantage in regard to health, then racial-ethnic health disparities should be greater among persons with mental illness than among those who do not have mental illness.To address this issue, I compared racial-ethnic differences in premature mortality among decedents with severe mental illness and decedents in the general population without mental illness. Death records for the City of Akron, Ohio, were matched with clinical case management files from Community Support Services (CSS), a community mental health center in Akron. The sample consisted of 16,164 individuals who died between January 1998 and December 2004; 647 of these individuals also had CSS records and 15, 517 did not. The mean±SD age of decedents in the sample was 79.4±11.4 years. Fifty-six percent (N=9,052) of the decedents were female, 20% (N=3,233) were African American, and 80% (N=12,931) were white. The sample and methods have been described extensively elsewhere (2). Analysis was limited to African Americans and whites because reporting of race on death certificates for these groups has been shown to be accurate (4).I used multivariate ordinary least-squares regression to estimate premature mortality, adjusting for gender, marital status, education, mental illness diagnosis, race, and cause of death. After the analysis controlled for the other factors, race (b=2.5, p≤.001) and a mental illness diagnosis (b=4.5, p≤.001) were significantly related to premature mortality. The regression coefficients were used to calculate the predicted values of years of potential life lost (YPLL) for CSS and non-CSS decedents by race. The difference in YPLL between African Americans and whites was smaller among CSS decedents than among non-CSS decedents (2.1 years and 2.5 years, respectively). CSS decedents who were African American lost 15.8 years of life, compared with 13.7 years for white CSS decedents. Among non-CSS decedents, the YPLL for African Americans was 11.7 years, compared with 9.2 years for whites, for whom YPLL was lowest. [A table summarizing these results is available as an online supplement to this letter at ps.psychiatryonline.org.] As a final step, an interaction term was entered in the regression model to assess whether a mental illness diagnosis had a differential effect on YPLL by race. This interaction was not significant.Although both racial minority status and a mental illness diagnosis contributed independently to premature mortality, African-American decedents with severe mental illness in this study did not have a differential vulnerability to premature mortality compared with white decedents with severe mental illness. Although premature mortality was higher among CSS decedents overall (2), racial differences in YPLL among CSS decedents were smaller than racial differences in YPLL in the non-CSS sample. This appears to be because YPLL was so much higher among the white CSS decedents. These findings provide further support for the addition of primary health care services to mental health treatment.Dr. Piatt is affiliated with the Department of Sociology, Hiram College, Hiram, Ohio.Acknowledgments and disclosuresThe author thanks Christian Ritter, Ph.D., Robin Shura, Ph.D., and Erica Hill, M.A., for helpful comments on drafts of this letter.The author reports no competing interests.References1 Williams DR : The health of US racial and ethnic populations. Journals of Gerontology Series B 60:53–62, 2005 Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar2 Piatt E , Munetz M , Ritter C : An examination of premature mortality among decedents with serious mental illness and those in the general population. Psychiatric Services 61:663–668, 2010 Link, Google Scholar3 Dowd JJ , Bengtson VL : Aging in minority populations: an examination of the double jeopardy hypothesis. Journal of Gerontology 33:427–436, 1978 Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar4 Arias E , Schauman WS , Eschbach K , et al.: The validity of race and Hispanic origin reporting on death certificates in the United States. Vital Health Statistics 148:1–23, 2008 Google Scholar FiguresReferencesCited byDetailsCited ByThe physical health of Māori with bipolar disorder15 September 2020 | Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 54, No. 11Drug and Alcohol Dependence, Vol. 151 Volume 62Issue 2 February 2011Pages 223-224 Metrics Acknowledgments and disclosuresThe author thanks Christian Ritter, Ph.D., Robin Shura, Ph.D., and Erica Hill, M.A., for helpful comments on drafts of this letter.The author reports no competing interests.PDF download History Published online 1 February 2011 Published in print 1 February 2011

Neurologic disorders, in-hospital deaths, and years of potential life lost in the USA, 1988–2011

Introduction: Asian American subgroups (Asian Indian, Chinese, Filipino, Korean, Japanese, and Vietnamese) display significant differences in mortality due to cardiovascular disease. It has previously been proposed that cancer is the leading cause of death for all Asian Americans. However, recent analysis of each individual subgroup reveals that heart disease is actually the leading cause of death for Asian Indian, Filipino and Japanese populations. Additionally, certain Asian American subgroups have an increased burden of risk factors and disease mortality at younger ages when compared to Non-Hispanic Whites. Years of potential life lost (YPLL) provides a measure of premature mortality due to cardiovascular disease by taking into account race-specific life expectancy and the younger age at death that is specific to Asian American populations. Hypothesis: We assessed the hypothesis that certain subgroups, such as Asian Indian and Filipino populations, lost more years of life due to cardiovascular disease when compared to other Asian American subgroups and Non-Hispanic Whites. Methods: We used National Center for Health Statistics Multiple Causes of Death mortality files from 2003-2012. Sample size for Asian Americans was 354,256 and for Non-Hispanic Whites was 19,722,445. We calculated life expectancy, mean YPLL, and YPLL per 100,000 population for each Asian subgroup. We further characterized race-specific life expectancy using linear interpolation, and YPLL per 100,000 was standardized and age-adjusted using age categories. Results: Asian American subgroups display heterogeneity in cardiovascular disease burden. Asian Indians had a high burden of ischemic heart disease (IHD); Asian Indian men lost a mean of 17 years of life to IHD while Japanese and Non-Hispanic White men lost 14 years of life. Regarding cerebrovascular disease, Vietnamese populations lost a mean of 17 years of life, and Filipino populations lost a mean of 16 years. All Asian subgroups had higher years of life lost to cerebrovascular disease compared to Non-Hispanic Whites. Conclusion: Cardiovascular disease burden varies among Asian subgroups, and contributes to significant premature mortality in certain populations. Asian Indian and Filipino populations have the highest years of life lost due to ischemic heart disease. Filipino and Vietnamese have the highest years of life lost due to cerebrovascular disease. Mean YPLL due to cardiovascular disease was higher for Asian Indians, Korean, Vietnamese, and Filipino subgroups than mean YPLL for Non-Hispanic Whites. To address these health disparities, an analysis of risk factors is required and subgroup-specific interventions must be developed.

Diagnoses associated with the greatest years of potential life lost for in-hospital deaths in the United States, 1988–2010

Introduction: Age of onset for heart disease (HD), cerebrovascular disease (CBD), and diabetes (DM) has shifted earlier, with increases in avoidable cardiometabolic deaths. We quantified total and trends in years of potential life lost (YPLL) before the age of 65 from HD, CBD, and DM, to describe population burden of premature preventable cardiometabolic mortality. Hypothesis: YPLL from premature cardiometabolic deaths in the U.S. have increased and are highest in black adults. Methods: Death certificates from the CDC’s Wide-Ranging Online Database for Epidemiologic Research (WONDER) were used to quantify mean age at death and proportion of deaths that were premature (&lt;65 years) from HD, CBD, and DM as underlying cause of death. We then calculated age standardized premature YPLL (before age 65) per 100,000 people and mean annual percent change (APC) in YPLL, overall and in black and white women and men, before and after the previously published inflection in cardiometabolic death rates in 2011. Results: Between 1999-2017, 19% of HD deaths, 14% of CBD deaths, and 27% of DM deaths were premature. Overall, premature YPLL from HD decreased between 1999-2011 from 512 to 416 per 100,000 (APC -1.7%/year, 95% CI [-2.0, -1.5]), then remained unchanged from 2011-2017. For CBD, premature YPLL decreased 1.8%/year (-2.2, -1.5) to 70 per 100,000 in 2011, but remained unchanged through 2017. Premature YPLL from DM remained unchanged at 71 per 100,000 from 1999-2011, then increased 2.5%/year (1.8, 3.1) to 81 per 100,000 in 2017. Premature YPLL were higher in black men and women compared with white men and women, respectively (FIGURE). Conclusions: Premature YPLL from cardiometabolic causes plateaued or increased after 2011. Disparities in YPLL have persisted in the past decade with nearly half of cardiometabolic deaths in black men occurring before age 65. Equitable promotion of cardiometabolic health early in the lifespan may reduce population, health system, and financial burden of premature cardiometabolic mortality.