Parents’ role in preventing gadget addiction amongst preschoolers living in urban and rural areas: A qualitative study

The advancement of science and technology is leading to the increasing utilization of electronic items among younger demographics. The influence of preschool children's utilization of electronic devices on their social development has garnered heightened scrutiny. This study examines the literature regarding preschool children's utilization of electronic devices and its impact on their social development. The present study analyzed the current state to identify existing issues and subsequently offered the insights and recommendations for the appropriate use of electronic products, aiming to foster the healthy development of preschool children. The research indicated that increased utilization of electronic gadgets correlates with diminished social development in preschool children. Parenting styles provide a moderating function in this context, with highly positive styles mitigating harmful behaviors associated with preschool children's use of electronic devices, thereby fostering the development of pro-social behaviors in preschoolers. The significance of this study is to further knowledge by offering a thorough review of the existing literature and emphasising the necessity of responsible and balanced usage of electronic devices in early childhood education and care environments.

Introduction. With the rapid integration of digital technology into every aspect of society, it is inevitable that preschool children are also exposed to gadgets. This has raised concerns among parents, educators, and researchers alike. While there are undeniable benefits such as access to educational resources and innovative learning techniques, the excessive use of gadgets can have detrimental effects on children's attention span, speech development, and social skills. Therefore, it is crucial to establish a balanced and appropriate interaction between preschoolers and digital devices, drawing from the experiences of key influencers in children's development, namely parents and preschool teachers. The purpose of the research is to analyze the perspective and approach of parents, kindergarten teachers, and additional preschool education teachers regarding the utilization of electronic devices by young children. Materials and methods. The online survey involved 412 kindergarten teachers in the Sverdlovsk region (Russian Federation), as well as 15 teachers of additional preschool education institutions and 15 mothers of preschool children took part in a semi-structured interview. Results. Preschoolers have been found to have the highest level of exposure to gadgets both at home and in kindergartens. However, in additional education institutions, the integration of gadgets into their activities is not as prevalent, as they tend to rely more on traditional teaching methods. The majority of kindergarten teachers utilize gadgets when working with preschoolers. They often employ videos, cartoons, and interactive whiteboard lessons as teaching tools. It is worth noting that the percentage of teachers who oppose the use of gadgets has significantly decreased to 5%. On the other hand, 90% of teachers have a positive attitude towards digitalization and believe that the effective use of modern technologies can simplify their work and engage children, ultimately benefiting them. Nevertheless, it has been discovered that the prescribed norms for the use of digital technologies by preschool children are often not adhered to. This is due to the fact that children use gadgets at home for entertainment purposes, such as watching cartoons and playing games for 30-60 minutes or more per day. Additionally, in kindergartens, children spend around 20-30 minutes watching videos and educational content, resulting in a total screen time that often exceeds one hour per day. This highlights the necessity to enhance the digital competence of parents and teachers, implement a monitoring system for children's gadget usage, and develop comprehensive guidelines for children's interaction with digital technologies. Conclusion. The results of the study highlight the necessity of formulating comprehensive guidelines for children's engagement with digital technologies, alongside enhancing the digital proficiency of parents and educators. This approach will facilitate the proper utilization of gadgets and maximize the advantages they offer for a child's growth and development.

Electrochemical processes can be exploited to operate light-emitting devices with unusual functionality. For example, light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs) contain a small amount of electrolyte within the organic/polymer light-emitting active layer. The electrolyte in the active layer allows the multiple charge injection layers that are deemed critical for organic light-emitting diodes to be avoided. Very recently, an alternative light-emitting device platform based on electrochemical processes was also suggested. These devices rely on electrochemiluminescence (ECL), a light-emission process based on the charge transfer reaction between reduced and oxidized forms of luminophores. Although the ECL process has been extensively investigated in the field of analytical chemistry, its utilization in electronic devices is a new approach that offers unique opportunities. Despite the interesting opportunities, a good introduction to the subject is not available, particularly with a focus on electronic device...

This paper presents an investigation into the influence of repeating cycles of hydrothermal growth processes and rapid thermal annealing (HT+RTA) on the properties of CuO thin films. An innovative hydrothermal method ensures homogeneous single-phase films initially. However, their electrical instability and susceptibility to cracking under the influence of temperature have posed a challenge to their utilization in electronic devices. To address this limitation, the HT+RTA procedure has been developed, which effectively eliminated the issue. Comprehensive surface analysis confirmed the procedure's ability to yield continuous films in which the content of organic compounds responsible for the formation of cracks significantly decreases. Structural analysis underscored the achieved improvements in the crystalline quality of the films. The implementation of the HT+RTA procedure significantly enhances the potential of CuO films for electronic applications. Key findings from Kelvin probe force microscopy analysis demonstrate the possibility of modulating the work function of the material. In addition, scanning capacitance microscopy measurements provided information on the changes in the local carrier concentration with each repetition. These studies indicate the increased usefulness of CuO thin films obtained from the HT+RTA procedure, which expands the possibilities of their applications in electronic devices.

1. A replicated experiment tested the null hypothesis that stand‐alone electronic temperature recording devices produce sets of operative temperatures similar to those produced using lizard models. 2. Commercially available electronic temperature recording devices (HOBO XT™ with external probe and Tidbit™) produced sets of operative temperatures nearly identical to models designed to mimic the size, shape, scale architecture and colour of two species of common North American lizards. 3. Tidbits™ performed better than external probes. 4. These results suggest that electronic devices (especially Tidbits™) can be substituted for models in many applications and that size, morphology, scale architecture and colour contribute very little to temperature change in small‐sized life‐like models widely used in field‐based studies on the thermal ecology of vertebrates. 5. Small differences between temperatures recorded by electronic devices and detailed lizard‐shaped models fitted with thermal probes suggest that these models may nevertheless be necessary for certain kinds of studies.

Introduction: The proliferation of information and communication technology, particularly handheld electronic devices, has resulted in a significant portion of the population becoming ensnared in a perpetual reliance on smartphones. The prevalence of technological devices has led to a significant dependency among students. Approximately 30 million individuals, constituting approximately 80% of the user population in Indonesia, are students. This behaviour frequently leads individuals to lose track of time during late hours, as they habitually resort to incessantly monitoring their electronic devices as a means of evading social interactions on online platforms. The objective of this study was to investigate the correlation between gadget usage and sleep quality. Methods: The present study employed a quantitative approach utilizing a cross-sectional design. This study employed comparative statistical analysis to examine the correlation between gadget usage and the sleep quality of students at STIKes Karsa Husada Garut. Results:: The data analysis using the Chi-square test yielded a p-value of less than 0.05, suggesting a significant association between the utilization of Gadgets and the quality of sleep among nursing students at STIKes Karsa Husada Garut. Conclusion: the utilization of electronic devices had a notable impact on the sleep quality of final-year students at STIKes Karsa Husada Garut. A negative correlation can be interpreted as indicating an inverse relationship between the use of gadgets and sleep quality, such that an increase in gadget usage is associated with a decrease in sleep quality and vice versa.

Objective: This study aimed to explore the lived experiences and underlying psychological and contextual mechanisms by which young adults with anxiety naturally deactivate rumination. Methods and Materials: A qualitative research design based on interpretive phenomenological analysis (IPA) was employed to gain an in-depth understanding of participants’ experiences. The study involved 21 Indonesian young adults (aged 18–30) who self-identified as experiencing recurrent anxiety and ruminative thought patterns. Participants were recruited through purposeful sampling from mental health support networks and university counseling centers. Data were collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews conducted in Bahasa Indonesia and analyzed using NVivo 14 software. Interviews continued until theoretical saturation was reached. Analysis followed iterative coding, theme development, and integration processes, with peer debriefing and member checking to ensure credibility and confirmability. Findings: Four overarching themes emerged: (1) awareness and cognitive shifts, including recognition of mental loops, decentering, cognitive reframing, and acceptance of imperfection; (2) emotional processing and release, such as naming core emotions, expressive disclosure, self-soothing practices, and emotional reappraisal; (3) behavioral and environmental regulation, encompassing structured routines, purposeful engagement, digital boundaries, and adaptive social connection; and (4) coping resources and growth, involving self-directed use of therapy-informed tools, spirituality and existential meaning-making, strengthening self-efficacy, and future-oriented hope. These mechanisms revealed a layered, dynamic process of disengaging from repetitive negative thinking in everyday contexts. Conclusion: Rumination deactivation among young adults with anxiety involves a synergistic interplay of metacognitive awareness, emotional regulation, behavioral structuring, and personal growth resources. Understanding these naturalistic strategies can inform culturally sensitive interventions, prevention programs, and self-help tools to support mental well-being in emerging adulthood.

This study aims to find out the value of being a counseling guidance teacher at Senior High School in the city of Samarinda. The study used a qualitative approach with a phenomenological method. The research subjects were selected using purposive sampling in the criteria of fresh graduate and served as honorary teacher no more than one year, no more than 25 years old, and worked in a high school in the city of Samarinda. Data collected techniques were in-depth interviews and analyzed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) techniques. The analysis technique sought to find meaning themes to become counseling guidance teachers. The results show three main themes, those are counseling guidance teachers interpreted as: 1) a soul calling; 2) to enjoy comfort; and 3) as a part-time job. The sub-theme of: 1) the soul calling is not profit oriented, realizing the future of students, and religious beliefs. The sub-theme of: 2) enjoy comfort that is a sense of comfort when students are helped, enjoy being parents for students, and to get life lessons. The sub-theme of: 3) part-time job is waiting to become civil servants and not easily laid off. Suggestion from this study are excepted to be a reference in helping counseling teachers in the process of valuing their work throught positive environmental conditioning to increase their productivity at work.

Graphene has immense potential as a material for electronic devices owing to its unique electrical properties. However, large-area graphene produced by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) must be transferred from the as-grown copper substrate to an arbitrary substrate for device fabrication. The conventional wet transfer technique, which uses FeCl3 as a Cu etchant, leaves microscale impurities from the substrate, and the etchant adheres to graphene, thereby degrading its electrical performance. To address this limitation, this study introduces a modified transfer process that utilizes a temporary UV-treated SiO2 substrate to adsorb impurities from graphene before transferring it onto the final substrate. Optical microscopy and Raman mapping confirmed the adhesion of impurities to the temporary substrate, leading to a clean graphene/substrate interface. The retransferred graphene shows a reduction in electron-hole asymmetry and sheet resistance compared to conventionally transferred graphene, as confirmed by the transmission line model (TLM) and Hall effect measurements (HEMs). These results indicate that only the substrate effects remain in action in the retransferred graphene, and most of the effects of the impurities are eliminated. Overall, the modified transfer process is a promising method for obtaining high-quality graphene suitable for industrial-scale utilization in electronic devices.

Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PHAs) containing heteroatoms have attracted considerable attention due to their potential utility in electronic devices. This work reported a novel domino reaction between an aryne precursor and azadiene bearing a benzothiophene moiety to produce a series of PHAs containing sulfur and nitrogen atoms. Further transformation of the product enabled concise synthesis of a new AIEgen, whose photophysical properties were characterized. Density functional calculations on the reaction mechanism revealed that the in situ generated aryne could trigger either a [4 + 2] or [3 + 2] process with azadiene, in which the regioselectivity was mainly a result of the heteroatom effect and may be understood by means of Houk's distortion-interaction model.

We have undertaken an ab initio investigation of emerging metal lead-free halide double perovskite materials for renewable energy applications using the WIEN2k simulation code. These materials have garnered significant attention from the research community due to their potential utility in electronic devices. Through an analysis of their electronic structure, we have ascertained that these materials exhibit characteristics of direct band gap semiconductors, falling within the energy range spanning 0.755 to 1.825[Formula: see text]eV. Furthermore, to check their suitability for use in photovoltaic devices, optical properties have been investigated. The thermoelectric potential of these materials has been explored using the BoltzTraP simulation code. The study of thermoelectric parameters indicates that the studied materials are effective thermoelectric materials with a strong potential for n-type doping. Additionally, thermodynamic parameters have been investigated to check their thermal stability, required to make them promising candidates for a wide range of renewable energy applications.

Chapter 5 - Electronic Structures of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

Solution-processable conducting polymers (CPs) are a compelling alternative to inorganic counterparts because of their potential for tuning chemical properties and creating flexible organic electronics. CPs, which typically comprise either only an electron donor (D) or its alternative combinations with an electron acceptor (A), exhibit charge transfer behavior between the units, resulting in an electrical conductivity suitable for utilization in electronic devices and for energy storage applications. However, the energy storage behavior of CPs with a sequence of electron acceptors (A-A), has rarely been investigated, despite their promising lower band gap and higher charge carrier mobility. Utilizing the aforesaid concept herein, four CPs featuring benzodithiophenedione (BDD), and diketopyrrolepyrrole (DPP) are synthesized. Among them, the BDDTH-DPPEH polymer exhibited the highest specific capacitance of 126.5 F g-1 at a current density of 0.5 A g-1 in an organic electrolyte over a wide potential window of -0.6-1.4V. Notably, the supercapacitor properties of the polymeric electrode materials improved with increasing conjugation length by adding thiophene donor units and shortening the alkyl chain lengths. Furthermore, a symmetric supercapacitor device fabricated using BDDTH-DPPEH exhibited a high-power density of 4000W kg-1 and an energy density of 31.66Wh kg-1 .

Research in the field of colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) has progressed tremendously, mostly because of their exceptional optoelectronic properties. Core@shell NCs, in which one or more inorganic layers overcoat individual NCs, recently received significant attention due to their remarkable optical characteristics. Reduced Auger recombination, suppressed blinking, and enhanced carrier multiplication are among the merits of core@shell NCs. Despite their importance in device development, the influence of the shell and the surface modification of the core@shell NC assemblies on the charge carrier transport remains a pertinent research objective. Type-II PbTe@PbS core@shell NCs, in which exclusive electron transport was demonstrated, still exhibit instability of their electron transport. Here, we demonstrate the enhancement of electron transport and stability in PbTe@PbS core@shell NC assemblies using iodide as a surface passivating ligand. The combination of the PbS shelling and the use of the iodide ligand contributes to the addition of one mobile electron for each core@shell NC. Furthermore, both electron mobility and on/off current modulation ratio values of the core@shell NC field-effect transistor are steady with the usage of iodide. Excellent stability in these exclusively electron-transporting core@shell NCs paves the way for their utilization in electronic devices.

Electrical and physical properties of the CuS‐ and CdS‐introduced polyacrylonitrile (PAN) films were studied. Electrically conducting PAN film was prepared by introducing CuS and CdS by the organosol method. Electrical surface conductivity of CuS‐ and CdS—PAN composite film prepared by the organosol method was 10−1 and 10−5 S/cm, respectively. Temperature dependence of surface conductivity for CuS—PAN composite film was investigated. The IV characteristics and time dependence of conductivity of samples were observed. The conduction mechanism of CuS– and CdS–PAN composite film was mainly electronic. Electrical properties of the CuS– and CdS—PAN composite film were mainly governed by the CuS and CdS crvstal formed in the PAN film. Temperature dependence of surface conductivity of the heat‐treated CuS—PAN composite film was also investigated. Results show that the electrical properties of the sample were varied slightly according to annealing temperature. Tensile strength and modulus of CuS– and CdS—PAN composite film were slightly decreased than original PAN film, but this decrease was not prevented utilization in electronic devices.