Parenting and schema domains as predictors of intuitive and dysregulated eating in emerging adults.

ABSTRACTThe association between childhood emotional maltreatment (CEM) and aggression is an empirically and theoretically supported finding. Both early maladaptive schema (EMS) domains and difficulties in emotion regulation (DER) have been examined as mediators on this relationship in the literature. However, past research has not evaluated the roles of EMS domains and DER simultaneously on the relationship between CEM and aggression. In an attempt to fill this gap in the literature, we conducted this study in Turkey to examine EMS domains and DER together as the mediators in the relationship between CEM and aggression in adulthood. The sample consisted of 291 participants (nfemale = 204; nmale = 87). The mean age was 22.96 years (SD = 5.62). All variables were assessed via self-report questionnaires. Mediation analyses were conducted via PROCESS and INDIRECT macro. Findings indicated that disconnection, unrelenting standards and impaired autonomy schema domains, and DER total score and the impulse subscale score mediated the relationship between CEM and aggression in adulthood. The current findings draw attention to EMS domains and DER that link CEM and aggression in adulthood.

Objective: To investigate variation in early maladaptive schema (EMS) domains between day 1 and day 15 of menses among Lebanese female university students and assess factors potentially responsible for this variation, as well as the impact of EMS on premenstrual symptoms.Methods: This cross-sectional study enrolled 84 female participants between June and September 2020. The study consisted of interviewing participants (questionnaire 1) on the first day of their menses and then contacting them 15 days later to complete the follow-up survey (questionnaire 2).Results: Lower means of emotional deprivation, social isolation, defectiveness, and negativity were found on day 15 compared to day 1. Older age was significantly associated with a decrease in punitiveness on day 15 (P = .012). Furthermore, higher anxiety was significantly associated with increased emotional deprivation (P = .024), self-sacrifice (P = .008), unrelenting standards (P = .005), entitlement (P = .025), and approval seeking (P = .013) on day 15. Higher depression was significantly associated with increased emotional deprivation (P = .033), defectiveness (P = .04), failure (P = .043), dependence (P = .042), and subjugation (P = .048) on day 15. Higher stress was significantly associated with an increase in vulnerability (P = .017), unrelenting standards (P = .002), negativity (P = .024), and punitiveness (P = .008) on day 15. Moreover, having a monthly income compared to not was significantly associated with decreased emotional deprivation (P = .015), abandonment (P = .029), defectiveness (P = .039), failure (P = .033), dependence (P = .039), subjugation (.018), and punitiveness (P = .014) on day 15. Finally, higher physical activity was significantly associated with an increase in self-sacrifice (P = .03) on day 15.Conclusions: Potential treatment with schema therapy must be offered by experienced psychologists to eligible patients to minimize the apparent detriment caused by EMS to interpersonal relationships, social interactions, lifestyle, work performance, emotional well-being, and overall health-related quality of life.

Research that focuses on the association between parenting and psychological problems provide consistent results indicating more severe levels of maladjustment being associated with high levels of parental rejection and control. Nevertheless, it is equally important to understand the mechanisms that explain the relationship among these concepts. The present study explored the role of Early Maladaptive Schema (EMS) domains in the relationship between parenting dimensions (rejection and control) and measures of anxiety, depression, and maladaptive anger expression in a sample of Turkish undergraduate students (N = 266, 188 female). Participants were administered scales that assess maternal rejection and control, EMS, anxiety, depression, and anger. Results revealed that perceived maternal rejection and control in childhood might have substantial influence in adult functioning. More specifically, the association between maternal rejection and psychological symptoms was mediated by disconnection schema domain. On the other hand, maternal control was linked to anxiety and depression through impaired autonomy schema domain, but its association with anger was through impaired limits schema domain. Findings indicate differential roles of schema domains on the relation between parenting behaviors and psychological distress measures.

BackgroundThis study aims to design and validate ten projective images of Young’s Early Maladaptive Schema (EMS) domains. For this purpose, two questions are to be addressed. (1) How is the factorial structure of the projective images of EMS domains? (2) Do the images designed in the domains of disconnection and rejection, impaired autonomy and performance, impaired limits, other-directedness, and over-vigilance and inhibition have sufficient validity?MethodsThis is an applied mixed-methods exploratory study, in which the statistical population consisted of psychologists from Tehran Province in the qualitative section (n = 8) as well as other individuals aged between 18 and 65 years (mean age = 33) from Qazvin in the quantitative section (n = 102) in 2018. The research questions were analyzed through principal axis factoring with a varimax rotation, confirmatory factor analysis, Pearson correlation coefficient, and Cronbach’s alpha.ResultsAccording to the results, ten images and five domains of Young’s EMSs contribute to a simple structure. Accounting for 70.35% of the total variance of EMSs, the five dimensions include disconnection and rejection, impaired autonomy and performance, impaired limits, other-directedness, and over-vigilance and inhibition.ConclusionsThe results indicated that the designed projective images yielded acceptable construct validity.

ObjectivesZZThe aim of this study was to investigate the effect of childhood trauma on early maladaptive schema domains. MethodsZZA total of 305 graduate students completed the Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form, the Korean version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (K-CTQ), and the Beck Depression Inventory. ResultsZZAccording to the classification based on the total score of the K-CTQ, the group that experienced childhood trauma (n=41) showed higher scores than the group with no trauma (n=264) in all five schema domains. Subsequent multiple regression analyses revealed that four out of five schema domains were significantly explained by childhood trauma ; among them, childhood trauma was the most significant predictor of the Disconnection and Rejection schema domain, accounting for 15% of the total variance in this domain (F=8.1, p<0.001). In terms of the types of childhood trauma, emotional neglect had significant general effects on all schema domains except the Impaired Limits domain. ConclusionZZThese findings in a nonclinical sample support the notion that childhood traumatic experiences may significantly impact the maladaptive schema domains, particularly the Disconnection and Rejection schema domain. In addition, this study emphasized the diffuse impact of emotional neglect upon schema domains, which may be overlooked because of its implicit nature. J Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc 2013;52:334-341

To investigate associations of the five early maladaptive schemas (EMS) domains with depression severity by comparing patients with persistent depressive disorder (PDD), patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), and controls with no psychiatric disorders. Patients with PDD (n = 30), patients with MDD (n = 24), and controls with no psychiatric disorders (n = 30) were recruited. Participants were assessed using the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview 5.0 version (MINI), the Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition (BDI-II), and the Young Schema Questionnaire-3rd Edition Short Form (YSQ-S3). The five EMS domains (YSQ-S3 score) significantly correlated with depression severity (BDI-II score), with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.583 to 0.788. After controlling for age, education, and sex, the two best predictors of depression severity were domains 'over-vigilance and inhibition' and 'disconnection and rejection'. For domains of disconnection and rejection, impaired autonomy and performance, and over-vigilance and inhibition, the total YSQ-S3 score was significantly higher in the PDD group than both the MDD and control groups. For the domain of impaired limits, the total YSQ-S3 score was significantly higher in both the PDD and MDD groups than the control group. All five EMS domains correlated significantly with depression severity. PDD and MDD differed in psychopathology. The EMS domains of disconnection and rejection, impaired autonomy and performance, and over-vigilance and inhibition may be specific risk factors for PDD.

ABSTRACTRecent research highlights the role of childhood trauma in the development of eating disorders (EDs), suggesting that adverse experiences can disrupt emotional and cognitive development, leading to early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) and interpersonal problems. EMSs are psychological structures encompassing cognition, emotions, images, and bodily sensations. These EMSs are hypothesized to mediate the relationship between childhood trauma and ED pathology. This study aimed to extend the investigation of how childhood trauma leads to interpersonal difficulties, mediated by EMSs.This cross‐sectional study recruited 321 patients with EDs: n = 77 Anorexia Nervosa–Restricting (AN‐R), n = 26 AN–Binge/Purge (AN‐BP), n = 94 Bulimia Nervosa (BN), and n = 124 Binge Eating Disorder (BED). They completed the Eating Disorder Examination (EDE), Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (IIP‐32), Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ‐S3), and Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ‐SF). Path analyses were conducted to examine associations between childhood trauma, EMSs, and interpersonal problems.Results indicated that patients with BED reported the highest levels of sexual abuse. Those with BN exhibited higher scores across all EMS domains. Positive correlations were found between childhood adversities, EMS domains, and interpersonal problems, except for the relationship between sexual abuse and schema domains. Mediation analyses revealed significant indirect effects of emotional abuse on interpersonal problems through disconnection and rejection domain.This study consolidates the notion that EMSs mediate the relationship between childhood trauma and interpersonal problems in ED patients, highlighting the importance of addressing early trauma and EMSs to improve therapeutic outcomes. Future research should focus on longitudinal analyses to better understand the temporal development of these relationships.

This study was conducted to determine the predictive power of variables that early maladaptive schema domains on the psychological tendencies associated with the romantic relationships in university students. Young Schema Questionnaire- SF3, The Multidimensional Relationship Questionnaire, and The Personal Information Form were used to collect the data. The sample of the research was composed of 334 students who have a romantic relationship history of at least six months. The average age of the participants was 22.63 and 68% of them were female and 30.8% of them were male. A stepwise multiple regression analysis was conducted. The results of this study showed that; the psychological tendencies associated with the romantic relationships were associated with early maladaptive schema domains, and it was concluded that romantic relationship tendencies were predominantly associated with impaired autonomy and other-directedness schema domains. However, it was seen that the predicting power of disconnection and rejection, and over vigilance schema domains on the tendencies associated with the romantic relationship was low.

This study aims to determine early maladaptive schema domains that significantly predict social anxiety symptoms in university students and to examine whether mindfulness and self-compassion play mediating roles in the correlation of these schema domains with social anxiety symptoms. 440 students from various departments of universities participated in the study. Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale, Young Schema QuestionnaireShort Form 3, Five Facets Mindfulness Questionnaire, and Self-Compassion Scale were used to evaluate social anxiety, early maladaptive schema domains, mindfulness, and self-compassion, respectively. The hierarchical regression analyses demonstrated that maladaptive schemas in the domains of disconnection, impaired autonomy, and unrelenting standards significantly predicted the increase in social anxiety symptoms. It was found that the level of mindfulness mediated the correlations between these three schema domains and social anxiety symptoms. Moreover, self-compassion mediated the correlations between the schema domains of impaired autonomy and unrelenting standards and social anxiety symptoms. Findings indicate the importance of both specific schema domains and the level of mindfulness and self-compassion in explaining social anxiety symptoms in university students. The results' possible causes and clinical implications were discussed in light of the current literature.

This study aimed to explore the indirect associations of the early maladaptive schema domains with the severity of depression symptoms through humor styles (i.e., self-enhancing, affiliative, self-defeating, and aggressive humor styles) in Turkish culture. Data were collected from 373 university students via demographic information form and the Turkish versions of Young Schema Questionnaire Short Form-3, Humor Styles Questionnaire, and Beck Depression Inventory. Using Hayes Macro, five separate mediation analyses were performed for testing the indirect associations, one for each schema domain. The results generally revealed that humor styles partially mediated the relationships between the schema domains and depression symptoms. Particularly, self-defeating humor style was found to be the most consistent mediator between the relationship the early maladaptive schema domains with the severity of depression symptoms. Also, the findings showed for the first time that aggressive style (partially) mediated the relations between some of the schema domains and depression symptoms and was negatively associated with these symptoms. Moving from these findings, it can be suggested that humor styles may serve as coping strategies for early maladaptive schemas. Thus, measuring and addressing humor styles in the treatment of depression symptoms may be beneficial in increasing the effectiveness of treatments. In addition, the current finding on aggressive humor style suggests that there may be cultural differences in the use of humor. However, cross-cultural studies are needed to conclude that cultural factors change the mediating role of humor styles in the relationship between schema domains and depression symptoms.

The purpose of early maladaptive schemas (EMS) in the relationship dysfunction among people with bipolar disorder in the euthymic phase

El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la asociación entre el perfeccionismo, en sus dimensiones adaptativas y desadaptativas, y los esquemas desadaptativos tempranos (EDT) propuestos por Young (1999), en una población de adultos jóvenes universitarios estudiantes de Psicología (N=307). Además se examinó el rol predictivo de los EDT y dominios de esquemas sobre las dimensiones del perfeccionismo. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron: la Almost Perfect Scale-Revised (APS-R, Slaney et al., 2001; adaptado por Arana, Keegan, &amp; Rutsztein, 2009) y el Schema Questionnaire-Short Form (SQ-SF, Young &amp; Brown, 1994). Los resultados de las correlaciones mostraron que la escala Discrepancia del APS-R (representativa del aspecto disfuncional del perfeccionismo) se asocia significativamente con todos los EDT y todos los dominios de esquemas propuestos por Young. Las subescalas diseñadas para evaluar el perfeccionismo adaptativo, también presentan asociaciones significativas con creencias disfuncionales, aunque en mucho menor grado, siendo incluso en algunos casos la relación inversa. Los análisis de regresión múltiple dan cuenta que varios dominios de esquemas y EDT son predictores significativos del perfeccionismo desadaptativo, mientras que para el perfeccionismo adaptativo el único dominio que se mantuvo como predictor significativo fue el de Sobrevigilancia e Inhibición y el esquema Estándares Inflexibles.

Early maladaptive schemas and aggression in men seeking residential substance use treatment

Link between early maladaptive schemas and defense mechanisms

Problematic internet use (PIU) has become public health concern, particularly among adolescents and emerging adults. There is growing interest concerning the potential impacts of early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) on PIU and its most severe manifestation internet addiction (IA). However, a deeper understanding of these relationships is needed regarding of effects of schemas on IA. The purpose of the present study was to explore the role of EMSs among adults. The sample comprised 714 Iranian participants who completed a self-report survey comprising sociodemographic variables, the Internet Addiction Test (IAT), and the Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form (YSQ-SF). The data were analysed using partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). Findings indicated that there was a positive and significant relationship between EMS domains and IA. The results confirmed that disconnection/rejection schema domains and impaired autonomy/performance schema domains were significantly related with IA. The results of the analysis of convergent validity and discriminant validity were acceptable among the nine reflective constructs. Findings of the present study indicated that existence of underlying EMSs may be a vulnerability factor for developing IA and adds to the growing body of cyberpsychology literature that has examined the relationships between the EMSs and IA.