Parental feedback on children’s non‑conventional versus non-standard language use

This article investigates the impact of diachronic determinants on non-standard language use in French rap. This study relies on a lexicographic analysis to produce quantitative results which are then analysed qualitatively with the help of extracts from semi-structured interviews with francophone rappers. The analysis focuses on tracks from different generations of rappers and also a single artist throughout his career, Akhenaton. The initial quantitative results will lead to discussions of the impact of the beginnings of French rap in comparison to the wide acceptance and success of French rap nowadays. The effect of life experiences will also be taken into consideration to observe how much vocabulary can change throughout an individual’s life as he or she goes through various life-changing events. These discussions will be linked to the effects of strong- and weak-ties relationships on language change as well as the impact of increasing fame, changes in social class and the advent of the Internet. This article concludes that the different generations of rappers displayed a marked increase in non-standard language use with time, whereas Akhenaton’s non-standard language use fluctuated much more.

This article studies the use of non-standard language (NSL) in a corpus of selected francophone rap tracks to see whether gender determinants have an impact on its use. This study relies on a lexicographic analysis to produce quantitative results, which are then analysed qualitatively with the help of extracts from francophone rap tracks and semi-structured interviews with francophone rappers. This article initially focuses only on male versus female rappers but the qualitative discussion takes more complex notions into account, such as gender performativity, queer linguistics or androgyny. Moreover, this research investigates unequal gender power relations in a male-dominated heterosexist industry. This study reviews how male and female artists react to and perpetuate these stereotypical gender manifestations in their lyrics. Some of the NSL use is also analysed in terms of speech acts to try and determine what the artists want to accomplish by using specific terms in certain contexts. It can be concluded that no real difference can be found between male and female rappers with respect to their NSL use. When differences are found, they are not very wide and can also be observed by only comparing men or only women.

This article investigates the impact of diatopic determinants, and more specifically, ethnic and geographic origins, on non-standard language use in francophone rap (in France and Belgium). This study relies on a lexicographic analysis to produce quantitative results that are then analysed qualitatively with the help of extracts from rap tracks and semi-structured interviews with francophone rappers. This article looks at a variety of possible determinants, including multicultural communities, immigration, flows of people, notions of power relations, authenticity and conflicts between cities and départements. The general conclusion from the analysis is that the diatopic determinants do not have a marked impact on quantitative variation within the corpus when it comes to the overall use of non-standard language, although some wider differences emerge in relation to specific categories, such as the absence of verlan by Marseille rappers or the higher use of Arabic, slang and verlan by rappers of Algerian origin.

Penggunaan bahasa tak baku semakin marak dalam komunikasi di media sosial. Penggunaan bahasa tak baku tidak terbatas pada kalimat, klausa, atau frasa saja namun juga pada penggunaan kata. Pada penelitian ini, akan dilakukan normalisasi kata yang tak baku/ nonstandard word (NSW) tersebut ke kata baku/ standard word (SW) Bahasa Indonesia. Metode stemmer Nazief-Adriani (Nazief-Adriani stemmer (NAS)) dikembangkan menjadi nonstandard stemmer (NSS) dengan meningkatkan kemampuannya untuk mendeteksi imbuhan tak baku. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah membandingkan penggunaan NAS dan NSS dalam normalisasi NSW. Algoritma kemiripan Needleman-Wunsch digunakan untuk membobot hasil pencocokan. Hasil pengujian dengan Mean Reciprocal Rank (MRR) pada sebanyak 3.438 NSW didapatkan penggunaan NSS dengan jumlah kueri = 9 (Q=9) memiliki tertinggi sebesar 79.26% dengan rata-rata sebesar 50.48%. Sedangkan pengujian MRR menggunakan NAS dengan Q=9 mendapatkan hasil tertinggi sebesar 72.87% dan rata-rata sebesar 47.23%. Dari dua pengujian MRR yang dilakukan, ada 3 huruf yang memiliki hasil stemming tertinggi, baik dalam pengujian menggunakan NAS maupun menggunakan NSS yaitu huruf awal r, f dan j. Peningkatan nilai MRR paling signifikan terjadi pada huruf awal ‘d’, ‘n’ dan ‘t’ yang merupakan huruf awal dari sebagian imbuhan tak standar.

Does prescriptivism work? Non-standard lexis in Lithuanian radio and TV in 1960–2010

This study investigates the occurrence and functions of nonstandard language variation in Instagram headlines posted by @folkative, a popular digital media account known for its creative use of informal language. Despite the growing attention to social media discourse, little research has focused on how nonstandard forms operate in short, attention-grabbing digital headlines. Guided by Labov’s (1972) variationist sociolinguistic framework, this study employs a descriptive qualitative method complemented by simple quantification. The data consist of headlines uploaded by @folkative throughout September 2025. The analysis reveals four main types of nonstandard variation: code-mixing, nonstandard spelling, colloquial expressions, and lexical innovation. Among these, code-mixing appears most frequently (33.93%). The use of nonstandard language is not arbitrary but rather reflects deliberate stylistic and social choices. These variations serve several communicative and pragmatic functions, including attracting readers’ attention, conveying humor, saving space within limited character counts, expressing solidarity with followers, and constructing a modern, cosmopolitan online identity. The findings demonstrate that nonstandard language in Instagram headlines contributes to meaning-making and audience engagement, showing how Indonesian users creatively manipulate linguistic resources to suit digital communication norms.

This article looks at how three French rap genres (poetic/jazz, ego trip and knowledge) affect the use of non-standard language. This research is based on quantitative and qualitative analyses of a corpus of selected francophone rap tracks. The qualitative analysis focuses on extracts from semi-structured interviews with francophone rappers and on the depiction of themes and rappers' performance in lyrics and videos. This article concludes that the genre of the tracks is a strong determinant of NSL use. Whether a track belongs to ego trip proves to be crucial, as this genre is much more likely to contain high quantities of NSL. Furthermore, the depiction of themes in ego trip tracks can also be considered as a strong determinant of NSL use. Indeed, their tracks often contain adversarial themes and narratives to criticize the competitors and youth slang to appeal to specific audiences.

The sociolinguistic variation of grammatical gender agreement in Nepali

Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that: (1) The language skills of grade V students of SD Negeri 0607 Pagaran Batu are good. Although there are still some students who are lacking in several indicators, for example, the intonation of the voice is still lacking, the correct pronunciation of vowels, and the lack of fluency in speaking. However, students' language skills changed after watching the TikTok video. The changes that occur are related to the language students use in everyday life. The existence of the TikTok application can change student behavior, especially in the style of speech that students see on TikTok and students imitate it. (2) The Impact of TikTok Social Media on the Language Skills of Grade V Students of SD Negeri 0607 Pagaran Batu includes: enriching students' vocabulary and can be used as a medium in learning foreign languages, for example English and Arabic. In addition, the use of TikTok can also increase creativity in the use of language and students' social interactions. TikTok encourages users to be creative with language, for example through poetry, songs, or comedy sketches, which can strengthen students' language and literacy skills. Then another positive impact is that it can be used in cultural learning. Videos on TikTok often reflect the culture of different countries, allowing students to learn about different cultural contexts and how language is used in those situations. The negative impacts of using TikTok on the language skills of grade V of SD Negeri 0607 Pagaran Batu include the use of non-standard language and grammatical errors. TikTok can improve students' language skills, but the language used is not grammatical, sounds rude and impolite. In addition, TikTok also has an impact on the lack of real social interaction. Excessive involvement with TikTok can reduce the time students spend interacting directly with friends, family, and teachers, which is important for the development of healthy language skills.

Literacy skills in the Indonesian language are defined as an individual's ability to understand, use, and analyse Indonesian in various contexts. With diverse features such as text, images, and videos, social media is considered capable of providing an interactive space for reading, writing, discussing, and enriching vocabulary and language comprehension. However, the use of social media by students is predominantly dominated by entertainment activities that offer minimal educational value. The content consumed often employs non-standard language, excessive abbreviations, or even disregards grammatical rules. This study employs descriptive qualitative research. The subjects of this research are 34 fifth-grade students from SDN 1 Purbalingga Lor, comprising 22 female and 12 male students. Data will be collected through three methods: observation, interviews, and literature review. The findings of this research indicate that social media has a complex influence on the Indonesian language literacy skills of students at SDN 1 Purbalingga Lor. The positive impacts of social media include the enhancement of language skills such as increased accessibility, language opportunities, and content creation. However, the challenges faced include the use of non-standard language, a decline in language skills, and difficulties in processing information, which can hinder formal learning.

This article focuses on the language-in-education policy of the region of Catalonia, examining some specific effects of the shift in medium-of-instruction (MOI) from exclusively Spanish to largely Catalan-medium education, by means of an innovative fieldwork experiment. The new MOI resulted from several important pieces of legislature, including the 1983 Llei de Normalitzacio Linguistica, which had the aim of extending knowledge of Catalan. The present article aims to test whether this objective has been met. Testing (such as the nivell de suficiencia de catala examination) and decrees (Catalunya 2002) indicate that a key aspect of Catalan linguistic knowledge is the ability to identify non-standard language use, which is often manifested as interference with Spanish. For my fieldwork experiment, 50 participants were asked to identify non-standard language use in both Catalan and Spanish. The participants belonged to two generations: one educated in Spanish, and the other in Catalan (under the current l...

Although number nonagreement is typically stigmatized and relatively uncommon in English, it is the norm in existential there constructions. Specifically, the nonagreeing form there's + NPpl enjoys widespread use and acceptance – most speakers use there's more frequently than even plural forms (e.g. there are) to introduce plural nouns. Moreover, it has been argued that there's + NPpl is becoming more frequent and socially accepted over time. This study uses social perception experiments to analyze whether there's + NPpl is becoming the unmarked form for introducing plural nouns in the present tense. The results of these experiments demonstrate that (1) there's + NPpl is sociolinguistically distinct from other singular, nonagreeing forms (e.g. there is), (2) the use of there's + NPpl appears to lack any social stigma, even among listeners who describe themselves as very bothered by nonstandard language use, and (3) the prescriptively correct present tense plural agreeing form there are is perceived as somewhat hyperstandard.

The conversion of romanized texts back to the native scripts is a challenging task because of the inconsistent romanization conventions and non-standard language use. This problem is compounded by code-mixing, i.e., using words from more than one language within the same discourse. In this paper, we propose a novel approach for handling these two problems together in a single system. Our approach combines three components: language identification, back-transliteration, and sequence prediction. The results of our experiments on Bengali and Hindi datasets establish the state of the art for the task of deromanization of code-mixed texts.

Context-aware correction of spelling errors in Hungarian medical documents

Introduction. The article evaluates contemporary research on psycholinguistics and neurolinguistics to find answers related to why child first language (L1) acquisition relies on different processing methods compared to adult second language (L2) acquisition, and why an L2 can be complex for adults to learn. This paper is basically a critical appraisal of language acquisition (LA) research proposing new venues to explore. Aims. The primary goals of this article are to emphasize the need for treating the brain as a testable scientific hypothesis, rather than merely a philosophical theory and to illustrate the need to integrate L2, brain, mind and the learner at every moment to account for LA. Method and Results. To achieve these intriguing goals, previous research on psycholinguistics and neurolinguistics is critically reviewed. The review has shown that that the brain in SLA research has been treated simply as a philosophical theory. This, in my view, has serious impacts on the progress and development of the field in two ways: It causes the research to be held back by assumptions that have hardened into dogmas and act against open-minded thinking. It leads researchers to depend solely on learners’ performances (the actual use of language) to describe and explain the nature of the linguistic systems that L2 learners develop (competence) and to explain how an L2 is acquired. However, we all know that performance is not on all occasions a perfect reflection of competence (cf. Chomsky, 1965, 1988) These two points emphasize the need for treating the brain as a testable scientific hypothesis rather than merely a philosophical theory and exemplify the necessity of continuously integrating second language (L2), brain, mind, and the learner at every moment to explain both why learning occurs and why it fails to occur. Conclusions. The paper offers a critical appraisal of previous research into psycholinguistics and neurolinguistics. It argues that the brain in second language acquisition (SLA/L2A) research has been treated merely as a philosophical theory for a long time, resulting in findings that lack actual neurolinguistic analysis. The paper suggests that theoretical explanations for why children acquire L1 faster and more easily than adults acquiring L2 align with recent testing of the brain, revealing differences in brain activity waves between early and middle childhood compared to adulthood. This indicates distinctions in language acquisition between children and adults in terms of brain wave activity, size of grey matter, and other factors.