Abstract
PurposeThe main purpose of this study was to investigate parasympathetic reactivation of the heart [evaluated through heart rate recovery (HRR) and HR variability (HRV)] after maximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) using three different exercise modalities.MethodsTwenty healthy men, aged 17 to 28 yr, performed three maximal CPETs (cycling, walking, and running) separated by 72 h and in a randomized, counter-balanced order. HRR was determined from the absolute differences between HRpeak and HR at 1–3 min after exercise. The root mean square of successive R-R differences calculated for consecutive 30-s windows (rMSSD30s) was calculated to assess the parasympathetic reactivation after maximal CPET.ResultsLower HRpeak, VO2peak and energy expenditure were observed after the cycling CPET than the walking and running CPETs (P < 0.001). Both HRR and rMSSD30s were significantly greater during recovery from the cycling CPET compared to the walking and running CPETs (P < 0.001). Furthermore, Δ rMSSD (i.e. resting minus postexercise rMSSD every 30 s into the recovery period) was positively related to the resting high-frequency component (HF), rMSSD, and standard deviation of all normal R-R intervals (SDNN) (rs = 0.89 to 0.98; P < 0.001), and negatively related to the resting low-frequency component (LF) and sympathovagal balance (LF:HF ratio) after all exercise conditions (rs = −0.73 to −0.79 and −0.86 to −0.90, respectively; P < 0.001).ConclusionsThese findings support that parasympathetic reactivation after maximal CPET (as assessed by HRR and rMSSD30s) depends on exercise modality and cardiac autonomic control at rest.
Highlights
Heart rate recovery (HRR) and heart rate variability (HRV) have emerged as noninvasive physiological markers to evaluate cardiac autonomic nervous system activity
Cunha et al SpringerPlus (2015) 4:100 time-varying analysis of HR variability (HRV) during exercise recovery, using the root-mean-square of the successive normal sinus R-R interval difference calculated for consecutive 30-s windows to capture the instantaneous level of parasympathetic reactivation, seems to be a better tool to reflect postexercise parasympathetic reactivation (Buchheit et al 2007a, b; Goldberger et al 2006)
Due to their importance as clinical prognostic markers, several studies have investigated heart rate recovery (HRR) and HRV after cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) performed on cycle ergometer (Danieli et al 2014; Gaibazzi et al 2004; Goldberger et al 2006; Jouven et al 2005; Ng et al 2009) and treadmill (Buchheit and Gindre 2006; Cole et al 1999; Dupuy et al 2012; MorshediMeibodi et al 2002; Vivekananthan et al 2003)
Summary
Heart rate recovery (HRR) and heart rate variability (HRV) have emerged as noninvasive physiological markers to evaluate cardiac autonomic nervous system activity. Cunha et al SpringerPlus (2015) 4:100 time-varying analysis of HRV during exercise recovery, using the root-mean-square of the successive normal sinus R-R interval difference calculated for consecutive 30-s windows (rMSSD30s) to capture the instantaneous level of parasympathetic reactivation, seems to be a better tool to reflect postexercise parasympathetic reactivation (Buchheit et al 2007a, b; Goldberger et al 2006) Due to their importance as clinical prognostic markers, several studies have investigated HRR and HRV after CPET performed on cycle ergometer (Danieli et al 2014; Gaibazzi et al 2004; Goldberger et al 2006; Jouven et al 2005; Ng et al 2009) and treadmill (Buchheit and Gindre 2006; Cole et al 1999; Dupuy et al 2012; MorshediMeibodi et al 2002; Vivekananthan et al 2003). The extent to which postexercise parasympathetic reactivation (as measured by the rMSSD30s index) depends on the exercise modality, remains unclear and warrants further investigation
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