Abstract
Abstract Increased pollution caused by socio-economic development has led to compound-contaminated high-hardness water pollution. In this study, laboratory-scale nanofiltration (NF) treatment of such water was investigated. Response-surface methodology was used to optimize the NF operating parameters, and a regression model with desalination rate and transmembrane pressure changes as response values was established. The NF membrane efficiencies in contaminant removal from groundwater and surface water with compound-contaminated high hardness and the membrane-fouling characteristics during long-term operation were investigated. The results show that the optimal operating parameters for the NF membrane in the removal of inorganic salts from groundwater are as follows: influent pH 8, influent pressure 1 MPa, and water yield 27.976%. The removal rates for groundwater total hardness, total alkalinity, total soluble solids, K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, , Cl−, , and were 99.4, 90.3, 84.7, 63.2, 56.8, 99.6, 95.2, 99.6, 68.3, 86.1, and 65.9%, respectively. Surface water contains more complex components; therefore, membrane fouling during surface water is more serious. The NF membrane was operated continuously for more than 35 days under the optimal operating conditions with no serious membrane fouling.
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