Abstract
Paper is a versatile, flexible, porous, and eco-friendly substrate that is utilized in the fabrication of low-cost devices and biosensors for rapid detection of analytes of interest. Paper-based sensors provide affordable platforms for simple, accurate, and rapid detection of diseases, in addition to monitoring food quality, environmental and sun exposure, and detection of pathogens. Paper-based devices provide an inexpensive technology for fabrication of simple and portable diagnostic systems that can be immensely useful in resource-limited settings, such as in developing countries or austere environments, where fully-equipped facilities and highly trained medical staff are absent. In this work, we present the different types of paper that are currently utilized in fabrication of paper-based sensors, and common fabrication techniques ranging from wax printing to origami- and kirigami-based approaches. In addition, we present different detection techniques that are employed in paper-based sensors such as colorimetric, electrochemical, and fluorescence detection, chemiluminescence, and electrochemiluminescence, as well as their applications including disease diagnostics, cell cultures, monitoring sun exposure, and analysis of environmental reagents including pollutants. Furthermore, main advantages and disadvantages of different types of paper and future trends for paper-based sensors are discussed.
Highlights
Rapid, simple, accurate, and low-cost detection of analytes such as biomarkers and environmental reagents is an important need in biochemical research
Ascorbic acid was detected by a color change from light yellow to grey upon reacting with AgNPs that were impregnated in the device
The results demonstrated that protein and glucose concentrations were in normal ranges for healthy individuals
Summary
Simple, accurate, and low-cost detection of analytes such as biomarkers and environmental reagents is an important need in biochemical research. There is an unmet need for development of simple and low-cost detection systems to provide unskilled users with the ability to detect analytes and evaluate results in resource-limited settings. Paper-based microfluidic approaches enable the fabrication of low-cost, simple, flexible, and portable diagnostic platforms [6]. Analyte detection from the sample is facilitated by a chemical reaction which induces a change in color, electrochemical properties and light absorption or emission Among these methods, the most frequently used detection approach is based on colorimetric change. Paper-based dipstick assays, lateral flow, and vertical flow immunoassays are routinely performed for rapid detection of target analytes [15]. We introduce different detection mechanisms used by paper-based sensors and their applications in various fields ranging from medical diagnostics to analysis of environmental pollutants, sensing analytes in cell cultures, and for monitoring sun exposure. Reproduced with permission from [3]
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