Abstract
The current international pharmaceutical scenario encompasses several steps in drug production, with complex and extremely long procedures. In the last few decades, scientific research has been trying to offer valid and reliable solutions to replace or support conventional techniques, in order to facilitate drug development procedures. These innovative approaches may have extremely positive effects in the production chain, supplying fast, and cost-effective quality as well as safety tests on active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and their excipients. In this context, the exploitation of electrochemical paper-based analytical devices (ePADs) is still in its infancy, but is particularly promising in the detection of APIs and excipients in tablets, capsules, suppositories, and injections, as well as for pharmacokinetic bioanalysis in real samples.
Highlights
Drug development represents a long and complex process characterized by several steps, from the recognition of a new molecule with potential therapeutic value to a final product approved for marketing and human health
This review describes the last trends associated with the design of electrochemical paper-based analytical devices, as robust, fast, and affordable strategy for drugs analysis during the production process as well as in bioanalyses, highlighting the main advantages of ePADs in comparison with both the conventional methodologies and the bulk electrochemical sensors exploited for the detection of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and excipients, as well as for pharmacokinetic bioanalysis
The conventional and time-consuming methods exploited for the analysis of alprazolam in biological fluids and pharmaceutical formulation today can be coupled and/or replaced with ePAD technology, with a first attempt achieved with a facile lab-paper chip based on urchin like Ag@ Pd shell nano-hybrids (Figure 4)
Summary
Drug development represents a long and complex process characterized by several steps, from the recognition of a new molecule with potential therapeutic value to a final product approved for marketing and human health. This review describes the last trends associated with the design of electrochemical paper-based analytical devices (ePADs), as robust, fast, and affordable strategy for drugs analysis during the production process as well as in bioanalyses, highlighting the main advantages of ePADs in comparison with both the conventional methodologies and the bulk electrochemical sensors exploited for the detection of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and excipients, as well as for pharmacokinetic bioanalysis.
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