PANDORA 3.0 plugin: A new biodiversity ecosystem service assessment tool for urban green infrastructure connectivity planning

<p style="text-align: justify;">This study explores the use of simulated natural drainage systems for sustainable urban landscape planning to address flood disasters in low-lying urban areas. Traditional drainage methods lack sustainability, whereas simulated natural drainage systems, such as green infrastructure, rain gardens, and wetland parks, can enhance urban flood resilience and environmental quality through scientific design and strategic layout. In San Francisco, the issue of flood disasters in low-lying areas has become increasingly severe, with traditional drainage systems struggling to effectively manage flood risks under extreme weather conditions. This study employs R programming to simulate natural drainage systems, evaluating their effectiveness in mitigating flood disasters and improving ecological environments. By utilizing rainfall data, topographic data, and drainage system data from San Francisco, a simplified hydrological model was constructed to calculate catchment areas and runoff, simulating the effects of natural drainage systems. Results indicate that natural drainage systems significantly reduce flood risks and enhance ecological benefits. The findings provide urban planners with new flood management strategies, emphasizing the importance of integrated management and systemic thinking, and highlight the future potential for widespread application in urban planning. By integrating landscape design with water resource management principles, this study proposes a systematic solution validated through case studies in different cities, demonstrating its feasibility and effectiveness. This research offers new insights and methods for urban flood control engineering and landscape planning, contributing to enhanced urban disaster resilience and improved urban living environments. The simulation of natural drainage systems facilitates sustainable urban development, providing valuable references for the advancement of sustainable urban landscape planning.</p>

Restoration actions can halt biodiversity loss and rescue its services. However, in order to be effective, priority areas for restoration should be chosen based on objective large‐scale restoration planning. Here, a multicriteria graph theory framework was used to propose restoration priority areas for the Brazilian Caatinga, the largest seasonally dry tropical forest of the New World, based on landscape resilience, landscape connectivity and biodiversity conservation value, focusing on threatened endemic plant species. We applied this graph theory framework to 10,406 Caatinga catchment basins. Vegetation cover and within‐catchment connectivity were used to select catchments of intermediate landscape resilience, which in principle offer more effective opportunities for restoration. Then, such catchments were independently classified into (a) three classes according their contribution for between‐catchment connectivity and (b) three classes according their value for biodiversity conservation, estimated by the richness of threatened, endemic plant species. By the integration of landscape resilience, landscape connectivity and biodiversity conservation values, three priority classes for restoration were generated. The multicriteria framework generated several restoration priority cut‐offs. Prioritization based on landscape resilience selected 36% of the Caatinga catchments as high priority for restoration. By independently adding landscape connectivity and biodiversity conservation value, only 12% and 3% of the catchments, respectively, were considered as high priority. By combining all three criteria, 9% of the catchments were selected as high priority and <1% as top priority for restoration. Synthesis and applications. Restoration of drylands can contribute immensely to the conservation of its threatened biodiversity but large‐scale planning is quintessential. Here, a multicriteria graph theory framework was applied to indicate priority areas for restoration, which maximizes the effectiveness of restoration actions, landscape connectivity for climate change adaptation and conservation of threatened species. The framework was applied to the Caatinga, the largest seasonally dry tropical forest of the new world, but it can be applied world‐wide under different budged limitations and spatial scales, being useful for private, state and federal initiatives.

Landscape Ecology

Landscape Ecology

Objective – This article presents a systematic literature review aimed at understanding the relationships between landscape ecology and urban morphology. The article investigates how this relationship has been applied in urban studies, primarily using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) tools. Methodology – To this end, a systematic review was conducted covering a two-decade time frame, between 2004 and 2024. The methodological process included searching for scientific articles in databases, applying the search string that best met the study's objective and related landscape ecology, landscape connectivity, spatial configuration, and urban morphology. The Scopus and ScienceDirect databases were used, applying Boolean operators for a more efficient search. Originality/Relevance – The field of urban morphology is vast, with diverse theories and methodologies for analyzing the urban form of cities. The same is true of the field of landscape ecology, which consolidates studies on the relationship between nature and cities. There is a concern that relates both the morphology and ecology of the landscape to the issue of sustainable development and nature-based solutions regarding urban and regional planning. This analysis has been intensified more recently to mitigate the impacts of human action, climate change, and spatiotemporal transformations, and thus conserve and preserve the natural landscape within the urban setting. However, the relationship between these two fields of study is unclear, as little research demonstrates the state of the art of this relationship. Therefore, the possible interactions and their applicability in urban and regional studies are questioned. Results – Thus, 29 scientific articles were explored, and the results indicated the existence, albeit fewer and more recent, of studies addressing urban morphology and landscape ecology. The approaches were classified into different thematic groups: accessibility to green areas, landscape units, spatial analysis and spatial correlation, urban form and crime, landscape transformations, and green corridors. These groups demonstrated similarities in methods and discussions, which fosters and strengthens dialogue between the fields. The results indicated the unanimous use of GIS as an analysis tool in empirical studies, and most adopted the city as the primary scale of analysis, followed by the regional scale, reinforcing the need to understand space in its entirety to investigate the relationship between urban form and landscape. Much of the research did not incorporate spatiotemporal analyses, resulting in predominantly static approaches that fail to capture transformations over time. Theoretical/Methodological Contributions – This article contributes to a theoretically grounded exploration of the relationship between morphology and landscape, establishing a state-of-the-art framework. The text highlights the theoretical integration between the two fields, particularly regarding the subject of analysis, which investigates the city, particularly urban areas, and their relationship with nature. Furthermore, the article highlights the importance of using geotechnologies to understand this relationship in urban space, whether through spatial or spatiotemporal analyses, or by developing nature-based solutions aimed at addressing urban landscape transformations. The article contributes by systematizing and presenting the scientific literature that connects these two fields of study, helping to identify the existing knowledge gap. However, the results reveal that there is still a landscape to be explored, especially regarding the extent to which morphology influences, integrates, impacts, or contributes to landscape ecology, and vice versa. Finally, the adopted research method allows for replicability of the study, especially in investigations that seek to integrate urban spatial structures with ecological connectivity. Social and Environmental Contributions – In summary, the material produced presents social contributions by demonstrating the effects and relationships of urban form on ecological conditions, promoting a qualified debate about urban sustainability. The article broadens the discussion on sustainable urban strategies that integrate urban morphology and landscape, articulating infrastructure, spatial connectivity, and environmental preservation. The studies analyzed indicate instruments for mitigating anthropogenic transformations and natural impacts through adaptation, conservation, and preservation actions, such as the implementation of green corridors, the identification of priority areas for conservation, and the analysis of urban factors that directly affect fauna and flora. Therefore, this articulation reinforces the need for interdisciplinary approaches capable of reducing ecological fragmentation and consolidating a symbiotic interaction between urban form and urban sustainability.

The spatial configuration of urban landscapes results from cumulative interactions between human activities and the physical environment. Traditional philosophies and cul- tural legacies have had important influences on urban development and planning in East Asia. In Seoul, traditional land use practices based on 'Fengshui' have significantly con- tributed to human-mediated patterns of landscape changes, in addition to the role of the socio-economic background (development) and other human activities. The concept of Feng- shui was originally founded upon people's empirical cognition of natural landscape patterns. Recently, however, advanced economic development, westernization and urbanization have been rapidly altering the old traditions of the holistic landscape systems through changing urban planning practices. Since the type, scale, frequency, distribution and spreading pattern of environmental and human disturbances have been changed, a new paradigm for urban landscape planning is necessary to maintain the ecological and cultural integrity of land- scapes in Korea. In this paper, we discuss recent concepts and methods of landscape ecology and urban planning from the viewpoint of Fengshui, the traditional land use patterns in Seoul, whose application has so far been restricted only to traditional land evaluation. We conclude that, to maintain the sustainability of the urban landscape, it is necessary to develop a new urban planning framework for the region that is based on the integration between landscape ecology principles with the traditional concepts of Fengshui.

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 1981-2015年我国大陆地区景观生态学研究文献分析 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201604240775 作者: 作者单位: 北京师范大学,北京师范大学 资源学院 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目（41390462） A bibliometric analysis of landscape ecology in China mainland between 1981 and 2015 Author: Affiliation: Beijing Normal University,Beijing Normal University Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:在我国大陆地区，景观生态学已走过35周年，国际景观生态学会中国分会已经正式成立20周年。以“景观生态学”为主题词，检索得到1981-2015年我国大陆地区景观生态学学者发表的相关文献，对文献数量、文献期刊分布、文献所属研究机构、文献内容和文献国际影响力5个方面进行统计分析，得到关于我国大陆地区景观生态学研究发展历程和现状的几点认识。（1）我国大陆地区景观生态学研究按发表文献数量状况可划分为3个阶段：1981-1989年，景观生态相关研究较少，学科处于引进、吸收的初始阶段；1990-2006年，文献数量迅猛增长，我国大陆地区景观生态学学科发展成熟并壮大；2007年至今，景观生态学研究平稳发展，在思索中寻求创新。（2）我国大陆地区景观生态学研究文献发表刊物以生态、农业、资源与环境、地理测绘和园林领域刊物为主，刊物影响因子差别明显，景观生态学专业期刊在我国大陆地区有所欠缺。（3）景观生态学研究机构主要为以中国科学院生态环境研究中心和中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所为代表的中国科学院研究所和以北京大学、北京林业大学和北京师范大学为代表的高校，各研究机构发挥所处地理环境优势和自身学科特色，对不同类型景观展开深入研究。（4）我国大陆地区景观生态学研究内容主要包括学科理论与技术方法、景观格局-生态过程-尺度的相互作用机制、景观生态学的部门应用等，其研究主题包括城市、农业、湿地、园林、气候变化、生物多样性、景观可持续等众多方面，其研究范式正经历着从“格局-过程-尺度”向“格局-过程-服务-可持续性”的变化过程。（5）就英文文献的发文量和被引频次而言，我国大陆地区景观生态学研究是国际景观生态学研究的重要组成部分，但其国际影响力有待于进一步提升。 Abstract:Landscape ecology is an interdisciplinary field that investigates landscape units, spatial patterns, and ecological processes. It can be used to improve landscape protection, management, planning, design, and sustainability at many different scales. The development of landscape ecology in China mainland began 35 years ago in1981 when the subject was introduced into China mainland for the first time. The International Association of Landscape Ecology in China (IALE China) was established in 1995. This study describes the development and status of landscape ecology research in China mainland by analyzing the articles published in the CNKI and Web of Science databases between1981 and 2015. The key term used for the literature search was landscape ecology, and both Chinese and English articles written by scientists in China mainland were included. The analysis of the detailed information was based on the number of related articles, journal names, research institutes, articles content, and international influence. The research results were as follows: (1) The development of landscape ecology in China mainland could be divided into three stages according to the number of related articles per year. Between 1981 and 1989, there was little research on landscape ecology in China mainland and the discipline was in its introduction and early development phase. Between 1990 and 2006, the number of related articles per year increased rapidly and landscape ecology in China mainland developed rapidly. Since 2007, landscape ecology in China mainland has been in a steady development phase where it has always been a challenging task to innovate and develop new ideas. (2) Articles on landscape ecology research in China mainland were published in ecology, agriculture, resources and environment, geographical mapping and architecture journals. There are no specialized journals on landscape ecology in China mainland, and the relative journals have different impact factors. (3) In terms of the number of published papers, the major research institutions for landscape ecology were the Chinese Academy of Sciences, such as the Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences and the Shenyang Institute of Applied Ecology; Peking University; Beijing Forestry University; and Beijing Normal University. They carried out comprehensive studies on landscape ecology by integrating geographical concerns with their own subject characteristics. (4) There were different research priorities at different periods of time; and three Chinese landscape ecology research areas were identified by key words analysis. These were landscape ecology discipline and technology research, the interaction mechanisms between landscape pattern, ecological processes, and scale, and the application of landscape ecology to different areas. Landscape ecology in China mainland included urban areas, agriculture, wetlands, gardens, climate change, biodiversity, and landscape sustainability, etc. The research paradigm for landscape ecology evolved from a “pattern-process-scale” to “pattern-process-service-sustainability”. (5) When the number and citation frequencies of articles included in Web of Science database were taken into account, China mainland’s international status in the field of landscape ecology has improved significantly since the 1990s. The total number of articles from China mainland was ranked 5th in the world. Although China mainland’s landscape ecology research contribution was an important part of international landscape ecology research, the article citation frequencies were low and its international influence may need to improve. The reference searching methods used in this study had serious limitations, and it was difficult to collect all the landscape ecology articles published by the scientists from China mainland. However, the 20th birthday of IALE-China is an appropriate time to review the progress made by the scientists over the last 35 years in the area of landscape ecology. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Context: Landscape sustainability emerges from interactions between linked human and natural systems. Many of these interactions are mediated by institutions (e.g., rules, laws, customs, traditions), most of which are themselves spatially defined entities that both generate and respond to spatial variation in the landscape. However, the spatial dynamics of the interplay between institutions and landscape heterogeneity are poorly understood. Objective: To define the landscape ecology of institutions as an emerging research field, providing a summary of key themes and frontiers. Methods: We draw on existing theory in both landscape ecology and institutional analysis to explore the interface between landscape ecology and institutions in social-ecological systems. Results: Three central themes in understanding landscape sustainability through an institutional lens include the role of landscape heterogeneity as a driver of institutions; the spatial properties of institutions as influences on ecological and socioeconomic processes; and the relationships between institutions and landscape resilience. Emerging frontiers for further research include understanding the roles of top-down vs bottom up processes (design vs. emergence); understanding landscapes as institutional filters; the role of landscapes in institutional development and change; and co-evolutionary dynamics between landscapes and institutions. We discuss each of these points in detail. Conclusions: Spatially mediated feedbacks between landscape structure and institutions are poorly understood and critical for landscape sustainability. Further research in this area will depend heavily on generating data sets that describe the spatial properties of institutions and allow them to be analysed as landscape features.

Greenways are systems and/or networks of protected lands that are managed for multiple uses including: nature protection, biodiversity management, water resources, recreation, and cultural/historic resource protection. Greenway planning is defined here as a strategic action that integrates theories from landscape ecology with theories and methods of landscape planning to focus on the goal of realizing a sustainable "greenway" network of protected lands, managed for compatible multiple purposes. A greenway system or network includes linear corridors and larger areas of protected land that are physically and functionally connected. Greenways are strategic and spatially efficient for protecting and managing land because greenway resources are not randomly distributed but rather are concentrated in corridors.This thesis argues that greenways originated in the United States of America (USA) but are spreading internationally because the greenway concept is: (1) based in part on scientific knowledge, (2) understandable and image-able to the public, and (3) strategic in realizing multiple goals. Greenways are supported by theories from landscape ecology, particularly those concerning spatial configuration and connectivity. Because Greenways are a relatively new concept in landscape planning, new theory, planning strategies, and planning methods are needed. The application of greenways as a component of sustainable landscape planning requires new approaches which integrate abiotic, biotic, and cultural resources and issues. This thesis includes reviews of international greenway literature, and makes original contributions to this emerging theory, planning strategies, and planning methods. Case studies and case applications in the USA and The Netherlands are used to explain and test the theory, strategies, and methods.Key concepts in the emerging greenway theory and methods include: alternative future scenarios, and adaptive management/planning. Scenarios are useful in conceiving alternative future landscapes and greenways feature prominently in many scenario studies. Both scientific knowledge and creative concepts are needed to formulate effective greenway scenarios. Greenway planning is often conducted with uncertain or incomplete knowledge. Adaptive planning/ management offers a framework for planning and implementing greenways in an experimental manner that yields new knowledge through application, plan implementation, and monitoring. A framework method for greenways and landscape ecological planning is proposed which integrates these key theories from landscape ecology, spatial concepts and scenarios, and adaptive management. The framework method is applied in several test applications in the USA and discussed in the Dutch context.Principles from landscape ecology relating to spatial and temporal scales are also important and are understood in a hierarchical framework. The landscape scale is appropriate for sustainability planning because it is large enough to accommodate heterogeneity and disturbance regimes, yet small enough to survey, assess, plan, design, and manage for specific landscape structure. Operating at the landscape scale planners can hope to understand and manage fundamental pattern and process relationships and dynamics.Three fundamental principles are posed in support of greenways: 1) The hypothesis of co-occurrence of resources in greenways, 2) The inherent benefits of landscape connectivity, 3) The concept of compatible, or synergistic multiple use in greenways. This paper asserts that these three fundamental greenway principles derive from landscape planning theory; are supported and strengthened by emerging landscape ecology theory; and that their application as greenways supports the contemporary international policy goal of sustainability.The thesis identifies contemporary greenways trends based on an original survey which found that: 1) Greenways are increasingly integrated with comprehensive landscape planning at the state level in the USA, and 2) Greenways are often initiated to provide trail and recreational use, but evolve to support multipurpose/multi-functional planning goals and objectives. A future prognosis for greenways in the USA is offered including an expected shift from locally initiated to regional and interstate greenway planning and implementation, and more explicit integration of multiple uses in greenways.This research raises a larger set of questions that transcend and cut across many of the issues, theories and strategies identified. If the world is engaged in a quest for sustainability, what is the role of ecology, and how does ecology relate with design? What do ecologists need to know about planning and design? and what do designers and planners need to know about ecology? Landscape ecologists might reply: spatial and temporal pattern and scale, dynamics of process, and disturbance processes. Planners and designers might reply: a better understanding of the role of humans' in creating, transforming and restoring landscapes, the value and place of aesthetics (including historical precedent), and perhaps the ultimate cultural construct, economics.The questions are many and complex. The challenges will grow in number and intensity as most of the world's landscapes continue to intensify and change. Greenways is an idea that promises to contribute to the resolution of some of these questions and challenges. Progress has been made. I hope that my thoughts and ideas can contribute to this quest for sustainability in some useful way.

基于景观连接度原理，借用景观连接度指数，在地理信息系统支持下，探讨了巩义市山区林地景观在不同距离阈值下连接度的变化，定量分析了道路对林地景观连接度的影响。结果显示，随着景观距离阈值的增大，无论是否有道路，林地景观整体可能连通性指数值都表现为逐渐增大；对林地景观连接度起“非常高”和“高”作用的林地斑块数量都比较少，但占林地总面积比例较大，面积大的林地斑块在提高景观连接度中起的作用较大；道路的分割使得林地斑块重要值降低，就单一斑块而言，随着景观距离阈值的增大，分割成的小斑块的重要值降低程度在逐渐减小。;Landscape connectivity, defined as the degree to which the landscape facilitates or impedes the movement of organisms or ecological processes among patches, has been widely recognized as one of the key objectives in studies of forest landscape management, ecological conservation and construction. The dispersal ability of organisms across changing landscapes is critical for long-term biodiversity conservation, and successful dispersal of organisms always depends on the landscape connectivity. The landscape fragmentation caused by roads has significant effects on the landscape pattern and ecological processes, such as the migration of species and biodiversity maintenance in different ecosystems of landscape. This paper aims to analyse the road impact on forest landscape connectivity in mountain area of Gongyi City, Henan Province, China. The landscape connectivity is evaluated based on a graph-theory framework, in which a graph represents a landscape as a set of nodes (habitat patches) connected to some degree by edges that join pairs of nodes functionally. Both the graph structure and the habitat availability metrics provide significant improvements for analyzing landscape connectivity and decision making in conservation planning of different ecosystems or landscapes. The geographic data sets for the study area, such as DEM, landuse, soil, vegetation and hydrology, were collected and managed in GIS. Two connectivity indicators, the probability index of connectivity (<em>PC</em>) and the importance value (Percentage of the variation in <em>PC</em>, <em>dPC</em><em>_k</em>), were calculated. Considering the dispersal distances for different organisms, we examined the variation of landscape connectivity of the woodland in the low and middle mountainous areas according to five distance thresholds: 0.5 km, 1 km, 2.5 km, 5 km, and 10 km. The importance values of the woodland patches were calculated in the scenarios with roads and without roads in different dispersal distances. In addition, the impact of roads on the landscape connectivity of five selected woodland patches was elucidated in detail. The results shows that: (1) the woodland landscape <em>PC</em> values tend to increase with the distance thresholds from 0.5 km to 10 km, in both scenarios of with roads or without roads; (2) there are few patches with larger area, and in the very high and high categories of contribution to woodland landscape connectivity; (3) the <em>dPC</em><em>_k</em> values of woodland landscape patches gradually decrease with the segmentation of roads, especially for some small patches. We conclude that the roads have important effects on the forest connectivity in the study area. The landscape indexes (such as distance threshold, node position of forest patch and forest area) and the topographical factors (elevation and slope) should be comprehensively considered when analyzing the relationships between roads and forest connectivity. Moreover, the case study also proves that the analysis of landscape connectivity could and should be used as a criterion for selecting important patches in woodland restoration planning. The analytical methods used in this paper are relatively easy to implement, and thus have application potentials in ecological restoration management and landscape planning.

The significance of urban landscapes in safeguarding biodiversity is often disregarded, even though a considerable amount of conservation focus is directed toward biodiversity hotspots where urban land conversion is happening at the fastest pace. Maintaining biodiversity in urban areas not only benefits the environment, but along with social, economic, and technological factors can increase the stability of urban systems to disturbance, a concept known as “urban resilience”. In this synthesis paper, we explore the ecological dimension of urban resilience and specifically focus on avian biodiversity because birds are easy to observe, relatively abundant, and can serve as an indicator of the overall health of urban environments. We first examine the concept of ecological resilience and discuss the role of environmental stressors associated with urbanization in the ongoing avian biodiversity crisis. We then provide an overview of characteristics of the urban environment that may promote ecological resilience in birds, and associations between social and economic factors and urban ecological resilience. Finally, we provide recommendations on future research regarding strategies to improve urban ecological resilience and thus, urban resilience as a whole, at the intersections of urban ecology, ecosystem ecology, environmental justice, and urban planning. Since 68% of the world’s population is projected to live in urban areas by 2050, it is imperative that scientists, urban planners, civil engineers, architects, and others consider urban ecological resilience as a dimension of both environmental health and the resilience of cities to future natural and anthropogenic stressors.

The importance of landscape values and human and nature interactions are usually ignored or degraded during planning processes not only in Turkey but most of the countries, resulting in unhealthy urban environment. This viewpoint causes exclusion of landscape planning from national planning stages, which in fact has a vital importance for the development of sustainable cities, in terms of both natural and cultural resources. The necessity of landscape consideration and urban ecology recognition in urban planning and design have led the emergence of various theories such as ecological urbanism, landscape urbanism and landscape ecological urbanism. However, there is still a need for a more definite and integrated model allowing for the landscape as the basis of the planning practices in the very beginning of the process. Landscape planning enables the detection and analysis of landscape characteristics supported by ecological concerns and thus provides a reliable basis for development plans and healthy decision-making. The spatiality of the data used in planning process, on the other hand, enables the utilization of geographic information systems (GIS) technologies for obtaining rapid, accurate and precise results. Moreover GIS offer opportunities to work with multi data sets and realize advanced analysis. Considering the need for improvement of traditional planning approaches especially within the context of the latest urban regeneration discourses of Turkish Ministry of Environment and Urbanism, in which an integrated planning understanding is lacking, this paper discusses the applicability of current urbanism theories comprising the evaluation of landscape and ecological systems and proposes a landscape based urbanism model enriched with geospatial understanding for Turkey, through the case of Antakya City Regeneration Project Proposal. Key words: Urbanism, urban regeneration, landscape planning.

This study aims to evaluate urban landscape planning resources, to reveal traditional and modern landscape planning approaches in an integrated manner. In addition, it is aimed to determine the place and usage areas of landscape in urban planning in order to increase the impact of urban landscape planning and contribute to its development. In this context, to carry out descriptive network and cluster analyzes and bibliometric analyzes of studies conducted in the field of urban landscape planning in peer-reviewed journals (4250 articles) between 2000 and 2021, using the WOS database and R program, within the framework of various parameters. The study reveals the 21-year development process of urban landscape planning and the interest/study tendency towards the subject. Within the scope of the bibliometric analysis results obtained in the study, which provides an overview of the field of urban landscape planning, the contributions of the studies on the subject to the field are determined and it is aimed to be a reference and guide for similar studies to be done in the future. According to the findings, the subjects of landscape, managemenet, sustainability, land use, ecosystem services, climate change come to the fore in the studies carried out intensively in China, the USA and the United Kingdom. The most influential journals in the field can be listed as Landscape and Urban Planning, Sustainability and Land. Although there are bibliometric studies in the field of Landscape Architecture, this study presents the first bibliometric approach with an overview by considering all the sources in the temporal process and scanned in the articles in the field of urban landscape planning. By identifying key thematic trends, the study will contribute to guiding future research and to the development of sustainable, nature-based urban planning policies.

Enhancing natural resource management has been a focus of landscape ecology since its inception, but numerous authors argue that landscape ecology has not yet been effective in achieving the underlying goal of planning and designing sustainable landscapes. We developed nine questions reflecting the application of fundamental research topics in landscape ecology to the landscape planning process and reviewed two recent landscape-scale plans in western North America for evidence of these concepts in plan decisions. Both plans considered multiple resources, uses, and values, including energy development, recreation, conservation, and protection of cultural and historic resources. We found that land use change and multiscale perspectives of resource uses and values were very often apparent in planning decisions. Pattern-process relationships, connectivity and fragmentation, ecosystem services, landscape history, and climate change were reflected less frequently. Landscape sustainability was considered only once in the 295 decisions reviewed, and outputs of landscape models were not referenced. We suggest six actionable opportunities for further integrating landscape ecology concepts into landscape planning efforts: 1) use landscape sustainability as an overarching goal, 2) adopt a broad ecosystem services framework, 3) explore the role of landscape history more comprehensively, 4) regularly consider and accommodate potential effects of climate change, 5) use landscape models to support plan decisions, and 6) promote a greater presence of landscape ecologists within agencies that manage large land bases and encourage active involvement in agency planning efforts. Together these actions may improve the defensibility, durability, and sustainability of landscape plan decisions.

The unprecedented expansion of digital technologies has led to a rapid increase in the development and application of 3D digital environments for landscape and urban planning in the past two decades. Considering the significant challenges in guiding human societies towards sustainability, these technologies must not only assist decision-makers in adapting to changes but promote fast, transformative shifts in the relationship between human societies and nature. Based on a set of global exemplars, this Perspective Essay outlines six key factors that can enhance efficacy of 3D digital environments to guide knowledge-informed landscape and urban planning. We call for (1) explicitly representing dynamic interplay between the social, ecological, and technical systems, (2) exploring the integration of design with simulation models to address cross-scale dynamics, (3) developing features to foster imagination, (4) employing multisensory stimuli to encourage profound changes in environmentally and socially sustainable behavior, (5) tailoring the incorporation of active sensing by and with non-experts into 3D digital environments to better acknowledge indigenous and local knowledge systems, and finally, (6) carrying out a usability evaluation to facilitate participation and collaboration in an efficient co-creation process. We conclude by recommending the establishment of a collaborative knowledge platform that unites researchers, developers, and stakeholders for stimulating social-ecological-technological system thinking in the development of 3D digital environments and harnessing the technological advancements to accelerate and drive the needed transformative change within urban and landscape planning.