Palestinian perceptions of home and belonging in Britain: negotiating between rootedness and mobility

Many qualitative studies in journalism and mass communication research draw on ethnographic methods that originated in anthropology and sociology. These methods involve studying people within their own cultural environment through intensive fieldwork; they emphasize the subjects' frames of reference and understandings of the world. This article uses a comparison between journalism and ethnographic research as a framework for highlighting common problems with manuscripts using this method. It offers veteran ethnographers' tips about what they look for in a manuscript and identifies three ethnographies that are examples of successful application of the method to topics of interest to journal readers.

Developmental orientation - fundamentals of developmental theory domain of concern of OT relevant to pediatric practice legitimate tools of paediatric OT structure of frames of reference neurodevelopmental treatment frame of reference visual perceptive frame of reference biomechanical frame of reference human occupation frame of reference psychosocial frame of reference coping frame of reference from frames of reference to actual intervention alternative applications of frames of reference influence of settings on the application of frames of reference influence of the human context on the application of frames of reference case study - neurodevelopmental treatment frame of reference case study - biomechanical frame of reference case study - combined sensory integrative and neurodevelopmental treatment frames of reference.

This chapter reviews the convergence between ethnographic and social network methods, as well as the benefits and challenges of ethnographic mixed methods social network analysis (MMSNA) research designs. After briefly discussing the shared history and principles of ethnographic and social network research, I argue that ethnographic MMSNA designs are especially potent for understanding how people experience the networks they are embedded in. I then discuss some challenges that are likely to arise whenever social network studies incorporate ethnographic fieldwork. These include tensions in researcher roles and ethical issues linked to the sensitivity of social network data. I show how these challenges can be overcome by referring to best practice in ethnographic research. I also provide unique, tentative evidence suggesting that long-term relationships established during fieldwork may not induce systematic biases in participants’ network responses, at least in terms of network size and composition. I demonstrate my various points by discussing an MMSNA case study of a primary school, and conclude with some guidelines for researchers wishing to employ ethnographic MMSNA research designs.

A frame of reference is the mechanism for linking theory to practice. It may be the most practical and important tool a professional uses. As the practice of occupational therapy has evolved, so has the basis of information, or theories, on which it is grounded. From the theories, models have been developed that typically view occupational performance as a transaction between the person, occupation and environment. Occupational therapy practitioners use many frames of reference. Not all of them address all areas of occupational performance identified within this overarching model. Often the area of the environment does not receive attention. To do their jobs thoroughly, occupational therapy practitioners need frames of reference for thinking about the environment. The purpose of this paper is to identify and explore frames of reference that may be useful to occupational therapy practitioners when they are taking into consideration the physical environment. Included are the following frames of reference: ergonomics, industrial hygiene, environmental psychology, accessibility and feng shui. A case study is presented to illustrate the unique perspective of each frame of reference.

Reviewed by: Tokyo Listening: Sound and Sense in a Contemporary City by Lorraine Plourde Po-Hsien Chu TOKYO LISTENING: SOUND AND SENSE IN A CONTEMPORARY CITY. By Lorraine Plourde. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 2019. 220 pp. Paperback, $25. In 1973, Canadian music composer and environmental activist Murray Schafer, in a groundbreaking project named The Vancouver Soundscape, employed the concept of soundscape as a theoretical lens to explore the critical role of auditory experience in the formation of an urban landscape. Schafer's experimental research has become a monumental work for academic scholars and sound designers enthralled by the [End Page 598] interplay between acoustic effect and city landscape. Lorraine Plourde's Tokyo Listening: Sound and Sense in a Contemporary City provides new insights in this field as the author engages in an interdisciplinary study of Tokyo's urban landscape using ethnomusicology, anthropology, cultural and performance studies. In the introductory chapter, Plourde succinctly posits that the aim of Tokyo Listening is to investigate "a range of distinct listening cultures that all reveal something about how listeners attune themselves to the sounds and noises of the city" (p. 2). Traditionally the study of sound is often understood as something highly abstract or theoretical; the essence of sound is materially intangible and visually unrecognizable. However, in the twenty-first century, most urban spaces where people work, live, or relax are all filled with different sonic elements designed to be part of the city atmospheres. Therefore, sound as a form of immaterial presence in urban space should not be overlooked as it engenders an embodied mode of sensory experience which constitutes the metropolitan residents' quotidian behaviors and "orients people's movements, affect, labor practices, and consumption" (p. 132). Framing her analysis of listening practices within the context of Tokyo's urban auditory cultures, Plourde meticulously examines four sites of semipublic and public space—experimental music venues, music cafés, white-collar offices, and commercial spaces like department stores and shopping centers—in which a set of orchestrated "music programming" (muzak in Japanese) informs the listeners of their embodied contact with the metropolitan center of Japan. Muzak, translated as "Background Music" (BGM) in English, is precisely the focal point of the author's analysis since it "bring[s] together two different types of listening spaces in the same frame of reference: spaces people go to specifically for the music, and places where the music comes to them" (p. 11, emphasis original). In the first chapter, Plourde discusses how the architectural design of an experimental music venue called Off Site creates a sensory fusion of live music and the quotidian sounds of Tokyo. Situated within a residential neighborhood, Off Site offers independent musicians and composers a space to experiment with sound. The experimental music genre, known as "onkyo" in Japanese refers to an improvised performance of electronic music emphasizing "sound texture, gaps, and silences rather than melody or rhythm" (p. 15). Experimenting with the rupture of music notes and the discontinuation of auditory harmony, the onkyo performance at Off Site constantly distracts the audience as unexpected moments of silence inside the performance venue paradoxically amplify the non-intentional urban sounds leaking into the enclosed space from the outside. The coexistence of instrumental sounds and urban noises (the BGM of [End Page 599] Tokyo) at Off Site blurs the boundary between intentional and non-intentional sounds. The second chapter contextualizes the city's café culture in light with the author's ethnographic research. Plourde conducted fieldwork by visiting various music café shops and interviewing the owners and patrons. Plourde claims the listening culture of Tokyo's music cafés remains understudied because the consumer population is relatively small compared to those who favor chain coffee shops (e.g., Starbucks). Grounded in a nostalgic atmosphere, Tokyo'smusic cafés establish an exquisite mode of listening culture by requiring their patrons to follow a set of rules. For instance, prohibiting a customer from conversing with other people inside the café explicitly constitutes a form of social etiquette governed by the restraint of acoustic volume. This measure of auditory control directs the patron's attention to the ubiquitous analog sounds, non-digital music players, and old-fashioned acoustic devices...

Creativity as Transformation in Amerindian Poetics:Toward Literary Deterritorialization in Brazil Jamille Pinheiro Dias Introduction For comparative studies of poetic traditions, dealing with the challenges of addressing non-Euro-American forms of expression while coming from a Euro-American inheritance involves an active effort to denaturalize premises of universality of literary values. In order to carry out a meaningful dialogue with Indigenous poetic forms, for instance, we first need to engage in a practice of self-reflexive questioning about the assumptions underlying the very notions of creativity we articulate. Borrowing from Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari's characterization of minor literature (18), I suggest that deterritorializing or "minoritizing" Euro-American literary frameworks implies fostering a political sensibility to emergent poetics and collectivities, as well as developing an increased awareness of the taken-for-granted character of perceptions proper to the Euro-American emphasis on individuated subjectivity–and of its tendencies to obscure its situatedness. Let me clarify at the outset that when I say "Euro-American" or "we," I do not refer to a reified, unchanging, monolithic construct, but to discursive traditions that dwell in North American and Western European categories, vocabularies and frames of reference, regardless of being located in Europe or in the Americas, and whose perspectives are to a large extent informed by Greco-Roman and Judaeo-Christian lenses or filters–even if not in stable, homogenous ways. Moreover, this clarification is important to prevent us from falling into the trap of a Manichean dichotomy between a readily familiar Euro-America versus a presumably unfathomable non-Euro-America. From this perspective, this article seeks to contribute to preparing the ground for practices of cross-cultural engagement that are more symmetrical [End Page 407] and well-informed, and to go beyond stereotyping, romanticizing, or reading otherness as incommensurably alien. The main idea put forth here is that contrasting modes of creativity exist between lowland Amerindian poetics and fundamental presumptions of Euro-American literary modes of composition. A brief discussion of Pedro de Niemeyer Cesarino's ethnographic research among the Marubo, a Panoan people from the Javari Valley (Western Amazonas, Northwestern Brazil),1 advances this argument, illustrating how a dynamics of unfolding and differential replication involving different beings that proliferate across the cosmos constitutes one of the main thrusts of poetic composition in Amerindian forms of expression–in a manner that is distinct from the Euro-American idea of ex nihilo creation as an event arising from an identifiable and fixed subject. In the following sections, we will see how these regimes of creativity, in spite of not regarding the element of individuality as of paramount significance in composition, position shamanic verbal arts specialists as actualizing, realm-connecting mediators, rather than ego-grounded, stabilizing authorial sources. In the light of this discussion, which addresses Marc Brightman, Carlos Fausto and Vanessa Grotti's recent anthology on Amerindian forms of ownership, Pedro de Niemeyer Cesarino's study among the Marubo, and Eduardo Viveiros de Castro's observations about poeisis (production) and praxis (action) in Indigenous Amazonia, my goal is to facilitate and refine the conversation between literary theory and Amerindian poetics. Altership and othering In Ownership and Nurture: Studies in Native Amazonian Property Relations, Marc Brightman, Carlos Fausto and Vanessa Grotti propose the idea of "altership" to emphasize how humans in Indigenous Amazonia are not exactly creators in the sense of an individual author (20), but rather alterers, "capable of othering themselves and switching perspectives in order to appropriate new songs and new names" (21). By presenting that proposal, the ethnologists are interested in making explicit the contrast between the individuation [End Page 408] of property in Western property relations and the multiplicity of alterities that constitutes forms of ownership in Indigenous Amazonia. This is not the same as saying that a notion that could be related to a property regime does not exist among Indigenous groups in the region (also when the complex relationships they establish with the State and market economy are considered), but that the specificity of the idea of Western property as the institutionalization of ownership, predicated on assumptions of individualism and possession, needs to be acknowledged–in other words, its presumed universality...

A critical review of the CoastView project: Recent and future developments in coastal management video systems

The ethnographic case study method in the social study of entrepreneurship This article discusses the merits of the ethnographic case study method with special reference to the social study of entrepreneurial behaviour. It does that by scrutinizing three important methodological problems that usually crop up in case study research concerning entrepreneurship: (a) how the case refers to broader, more abstract frames of reference (or: its generalizability); (b) the role of observation in constructing the social facts that are represented in the case; and (c) how to generate social theory based on the detailed descriptions that are typical of case study reporting. The article concludes with a short discussion of the place of ethnographic case study research in the broader, social science landscape, thereby subscribing to an image of professional collaboration that resembles a symphony orchestra.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to conduct a general review of the ethnographic method. It uses metaphors to read several pieces of ethnographic research and discuss the different issues encountered during the research process. The review consisted of new articles but also important books that helped to construct and maintain the field of organizational ethnography.Design/methodology/approachThe paper aims to discuss the ethnography research process through the metaphor of the Christian Seven Sins. It proposes a reflection on planning and conducting ethnographic research. The seven sins are used as a metaphor that can lead to more reflexive research for educational and explanatory purposes. Ultimately, the authors encourage organizational scholars to conduct ethnographic research.FindingsThe metaphors of the Christian seven sins represent issues that may arise during an ethnographic research. Gluttony is the dive in all topics that may appear; Greed is to lose yourself in the amount of data; Lust is to get too much involved in the field; Wrath is to take the struggles of the subjects as your own; Envy is to judge other's research according to your paradigm; Sloth is to not collect enough ethnographic data and Pride is forgetting to have a critical perspective toward your data. The redemption of these “sins” brings reflexivity to ethnographic research.Research limitations/implicationsThe paper opts to treat ethnography as a methodology that can be utilized with different epistemological and ontological approaches which could diminish the degree of reflection. No metaphor would be able to explain all the details of an ethnographic research project, still the seven sins provided a wide range of ideas to be reflected upon when using the methodology.Practical implicationsAs a paper on ethnography, researchers and especially PhD students and early careers can get to know the issues that can arise during ethnographic research and put them in contact with good examples of ethnography in Organization and Management Studies.Originality/valueThis paper groups different complexities and discussions around ethnographic research that may entail research reflexivity. These ideas were scattered through various ethnographic publications. With the review their highlights can be read in a single piece. With these discussions, the paper aims to encourage researchers to conduct good quality ethnography.

Purpose This discussion paper provides an introduction and overview of Ethnography as a qualitative research methodology and outlines its usefulness in understanding the experiences of patients and service users during their healthcare journey. Ethnographic research provides an insight into the group being studied. In this paper that author suggests that ethnography can provide an insight into the behaviours, thoughts and feelings of a patient group. Methods Research methods used in ethnographic research have been outlined and discussed along with some of the possible methodological and ethical issues that might occur when carrying out an ethnographic study with a group of patients. Results This paper discusses some of the potential results of an ethnographic study with patients and how ethnographic research can be used to study the experiences of patients. Conclusion the author draws together some lessons that can be learnt and some possible applications of ethnographic research in healthcare settings with patients. Implications for rehabilitation are also proposed. IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION Ethnography is a simple and effective qualitative research methodology for studying groups of people with a common enterprise or experience, ethnography studies the culture, behaviours and norms of the group. Ethnography is a useful research methodology to understand the experiences of patients and service users during their healthcare journey. It can provide information about what it is like to have a particular medical condition or diagnosis and the norms and behaviours of patients with this condition. Ethnographic data allows the patient’s voice to be heard. Data from ethnographic studies of patient groups can be used for service improvement within health and social care.

In contemporary research on construction‐related ICT (information communication technologies), little distinction is made between the use of ICT in permanent line organizations and its use in temporary organizations (for example, in building and construction projects). This paper makes that distinction. The aim is to understand how the interplay among contextual elements, actors’ frames of reference, and the ICT itself, influences the adoption and use of ICT in a building and construction project. This will be done through a description and analysis of a case study of ICT use in a major Swedish construction company. It is concluded that the well‐defined duration of the temporary organization (the construction project) stands in sharp contrast to the generally indefinite duration of ICT‐mediated change processes. However, by analysing the ICT application to be implemented, it can be revealed whether it can be ‘ready packed’ for, or delimited to, certain processes in order to achieve immediate benefits. When implementing more encompassing ICT applications, the challenge for the company is to find alternative ways of implementation in the project‐based organization and of creating alternative spaces for innovation and renewal where new ICT can be tested and experimented with.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to illustrate the methodological significance and potential of integrating Facebook in ethnographic research. The authors discuss how friendly relationships with participants could be initiated, fostered and managed by incorporating Facebook in ethnographic data collection and how such relationships deepen ethnographic interpretation.Design/methodology/approachThis paper focuses on the methodological implications of adopting “friendship as method” during ethnographic research. The discussion is premised upon a longitudinal, multi-method ethnographic research process exploring new family identity formation in Sri Lanka and New Zealand.FindingsBuilding on friendship theories, the authors suggest that Facebook engagement helps overcome three challenges inherent to ethnographic research: gaining access and immersion, capturing multiple perspectives, and developing rich and thick interpretations. The findings illustrate that adopting Facebook as a platform to strengthen friendships with research participants expands the researcher’s field by enabling him to follow the ethics and pace of conventional friendship and by inspiring dialogical interaction with participants. Thus, it is suggested that Facebook helps diluting the power hierarchy in the participant–researcher relationship and encourages participants to reveal more subtle details of their mundane lived experiences.Originality/valueEven though researchers have often used social media interactions in ethnographic research, there is no theoretical foundation to understand how such interactions could better inform the depth and richness of research phenomena. Particularly, considering the emerging significance of social media in personal identity construction, sustenance and enactment, it is import to understand how such mediums enable researchers overcome inherent methodological complexities. Therefore, this paper contributes to literature on conventional ethnography, netnography and friendship theories by presenting a theoretical framework to understand how Facebook interaction contributes to overcome challenges in conducting ethnographic research.

"Slavery, Memory, and Genealogies of Diaspora" is the first in a series of two dialogues organized by Deborah A. Thomas and Tina M. Campt as part of a project titled "Diasporic Hegemonies." In this dialogue, Jacqueline Nassy Brown and Bayo Holsey draw from their ethnographic research within Liverpool, England and coastal Ghana respectively to discuss the processes by which and places within which notions of the African diaspora are produced. They also address questions of how particular notions of diaspora are politicized, how they move between and among communities, and how they are used at specific moments in time.

Ethnographic research that focused mainly on agrarian groups living at the lower level of society did not really seek or find a handle to approach Jewish culture in the late 19th and early 20th century. At the same time, for its part, the Hungarian Jewry made no effort to deal with its own culture from the viewpoint of ethnography. Although ethnographic and anthropological research has been conducted since then, and important results have been achieved, it cannot be claimed that the subject has been exhausted. That is why the Ethnography Museum’s exhibition Picking up the Pieces: Fragments of Rural Hungarian Jewish Culture was an important, unique and timely opportunity for both experts and audience. The exhibition aimed to conjure up an image of rural Hungarian Jewish life before the Holocaust based the materials in the museum. For the first time, the exhibition presented the Museum’s small but important collection of Judaica, Jewish implements, objects that entered the collection through art dealers and private collectors, not to mention the rich photographic material. In addition, local “case studies” were utilized to grasp the distinctive culture of the everyday life of the Jewish population, their position within the majority society, and the possible paths (mazes) of modernity. Various issues were discussed, not in general but through concrete examples (family histories, specific communities, local characteristics, etc.), and in this spirit, several specific themes were presented, such as weekdays and festive days, various situations, occupations and social strata. In the second part of the study, special mention is made of a few highlighted objects from the exhibition through the eyes of visiting American students.

Preface. (G. Walford). Introduction. (G. Walford). From Field Work to Theory and Representations in Ethnography. (D. Beach). Using Photographic Diaries to Research the Gender and Academic Identities of Young Girls. (A. Allen). Ethnography, Toleration and Authenticity: Ethical Reflections on Fieldwork, Analysis and Writing. (M. Hammersley). The Personal, Professional and Political in Comparative Ethnographic Educational Research. (H. Miller, L. Russell). Theoretical Inference and Generalization Within the Case Study. (G. Lloyd-Jones). Is Ethnography Just Another Form of Surveillance? (G. Crozier). The Notion Of 'Display' in Ethnographic Research. (T. Gordon). Choice, Necessity, or Narcissism? A Feminist Does Feminist Ethnography. (B. Korth). A Response to Barbara Korth on Feminist Ethnography. (M. Hammersley). A Reply to Martyn Hammersley. (B. Korth). New Methodologies, Cultural Analysis and the Politics of Research: Re-Visiting the Lessons of Critical Ethnography. (L. Angus). Providing a Framework for A ?Shared Repertoire? in a Cross-National Research Project. (G. Troman, B. Jeffrey).