Paleophonic Futures: Charles Cros's Audiovisual Worlds

Use of technology is an indispensable feature of modernity. But communities imagined along modern lines use technology in multifarious ways, be it print or digital technology. Benedict Anderson in his pathbreaking study of how nation socio-culturally comes into being stresses the decisive role print technology (in the form of newspaper and realist novel) plays in constructing the community of nations. In a globalized world, however, the role of print technology in imagining larger collectivities as well as home is being fast replaced by information and media technology. Nowhere are such uses of the later technologies perhaps as prominent as in diasporas. Diasporic communities, though largely defined by the parameter of deterritorialization, attempt to appropriate and use technology (especially media technology) with a view to “producing locality,” to borrow from Arjun Appadurai. That is to say, diasporas resort to technology to cope with the often traumatic sense of dislocation and minimize the overwhelming sense of insecurity in an alien cultural environment. In the present article, I intend to look closely at the uses of technology in general and media technology in particular by Indian/South Asian diaspora in some of the short stories of Jhumpa Lahiri. The more precise critical agenda here is to examine how Indian/South Asian diaspora utilizes (media) technology to construct “home” or a sense of “homeness” in the selected stories.

Reviewed by: The Kantian Legacy in Nineteenth-Century Science Valia Allori Michael Friedman and Alfred Nordmann, editors. The Kantian Legacy in Nineteenth-Century Science. Cambridge, MA-London: MIT Press, 2006. Pp. ii + 370. Cloth, $45.00. The book originates from an international conference held in November 2000 at the Dibner Institute for the History of Science and Technology at MIT. The main conviction of the authors is that not only the development of modern mathematics, foundations of mathematics, and mathematical logic, but also the development of modern scientific thought can be better understood as an evolution from Kant. The main reason for focusing on the nineteenth century is that this will allow us to set aside the question of whether the Kantian analysis has lost its relevance in the context of the twentieth-century scientific revolutions. The thirteen articles in the book explore "the complex and subtle tracing of the multiple intellectual transformations that have led, step by step, from Kant's original scientific situation to the new scientific problems of the twentieth century" (1). The articles can be grouped in five main focal points of the nineteenth-century scenario. The first three articles explore the Kantian legacy in the origin, development, and growth of Naturphilosophie, and its connection with the nineteenth-century scientific work. In more detail, Frederick Beiser argues that, contrary to a widespread opinion, the transition from Kant to Naturphilosophie arises as a resolution of the Kantian problems. Robert J. Richards discusses the influences of Schelling on Goethe's Kantian dilemmas, and how this affected Goethe's scientific work in biology. The third paper is Michael Friedman's analysis of how Naturphilosophie was crucial in Oersted's experimental work in electromagnetism. The subsequent two articles focus on a more detailed analysis of the philosophy of science of Frie, recognized as an important figure in the science and mathematics of the time. The idea is that Frie connects the two worlds of Naturphilosophie and neo-Kantianism, so that analyzing his philosophy will provide a better understanding of the transition between the two. In more detail, Frederick Gregory argues that Frie can be seen as extending Kant's connection between philosophy and science, analyzing in particular Frie's views on chemistry. The same line of though is developed by Helmut Pulte, who discusses in addition Frie's views on biology and pure mathematics. In the third and fourth groups the focus is on neo-Kantianism. First, there is an analysis of scientific thinkers like Helmholtz. Robert DiSalle describes Helmholtz's neo-Kantian empiricism in connection (and in contrast) with Poincaré's conventionalism, while Timothy Lenoir analyses Helmholtz's theory of perception in connection with Kant, discussing the influence of the development of new media technologies on his work. Then the analysis moves to the Marburg school of philosophy, in particular the philosophy of Cohen, Cassirer, Riehl, and Pierce. Alan Richardson argues that the relations between epistemology and philosophy of science were already discussed by these philosophers. Michael Heidelberger's main idea is that the philosophy of Riehl has been as influential as that of Mach for logical empiricists like Schlick, while Alfred Nordmann discusses the similarities and differences between Riehl, Cohen, and Pierce in connection with Kant. The last three articles deal with Poincaré's philosophy, mathematics, physics, and the relations among them. Even if Poincaré, contra Helmholtz, never identified himself as a neo-Kantian, like Helmholtz he defended broadly Kantian views. In particular, Janet Folina analyzes and defends Poincaré's arguments for the (Kantian) view that mathematical reasoning is synthetic a priori. Jeremy Gray defends the view that, even given his conventionalism, Poincaré adopted a more intuitive conception than the one of Hilbert. Lastly, Jesper Lüzen compares and contrasts the Kantian, empiricist, and conventionalist tendencies of Hertz and Poincaré. Like all collection of articles, the book suffers from an inevitable discontinuity of style and sometimes of focus, as well as some repetitiveness. Despite that, it is remarkably comprehensive, complete, clear, deep, and incisive. The literature on Kant is notoriously immense, but I have not seen so far a similarly interesting book on this particular topic, on whose importance I agree with the authors. In fact, as is...

İstanbul kütüphanelerinin Batı bilim ve kültür hayatına etkisi (XIX.-XX. yüzyıllar ve Cumhuriyetin ilk yılları)

This research focuses on the process of heroization during epidemics. It analyzes the evolution of the media portrayal of Dr. Arruda, Quebec's former national director of public health, during the COVID-19 pandemic to identify the type of spokesperson valued and devalued at different moments during the virus outbreak. We analyzed 728 articles published by five Quebec media outlets: <i>Le Devoir</i>, <i>La Presse</i>, <i>Le Journal de Québec</i>, <i>Le Journal de Montréal</i>, and <i>24 Heures</i>. The data then underwent a rhetorical frame analysis, which identified fourteen heroization arguments and fourteen blame arguments, taking shape within four broader argumentative logics. Dr. Arruda was transformed into a fallen hero in a five-stage process: 1) heroization; 2) doubt; 3) accumulation of criticism; 4) minor acts of redemption; and 5) confirmation of the fallen hero status. The analysis illustrates the sinusoidal path during which Dr. Arruda was heroized and criticized several times over. It also shows how the same arguments were used at the beginning of the outbreak to heroize Dr. Arruda and, later, to criticize him. This research shows that media-exposed spokespeople must adapt to the public's changing needs relating to heroes. It also highlights the difficulty of occupying a highly visible position as public health director during a health crisis. Finally, this research draws insights on how to manage communications in times of health crises.

Sámi Literature in Norwegian Language Arts Textbooks

This conclusion summarizes key insights from the former chapters, and highlights political dimensions of media use in digital everyday life. I particularly underline how our more digital everyday lives intensify communicative dilemmas, in which individuals in everyday settings negotiate with societal norms and power structures through their uses of media technologies. I also discuss how everyday media use connects us to different societal spheres and issues, also pointing to global challenges such as the pandemic and the climate crisis, arguing that everyday media use is key to our understandings of society. I discuss how to analyze this in media use research, emphasizing attention to processes of change and disruption.

“An ounce of prevention is worth of pound of cure,” Benjamin Franklin advised the residents of Philadelphia. Heeding his warning, they created the Union Fire Company and the Philadelphia Contributionship for the Insurance of House from Loss by Fire—arguably the embryonic nation’s first insurance company. At the time, rising population density, along with closely constructed and highly incendiary structures, put urban centers at peril with the mere lighting of a candle. At the close of the nineteenth century, Puerto Rican society faced similar threats, and this is the starting point of Luis Ferrao’s recent work on the history of insurance in Puerto Rico.Historia de los seguros en Puerto Rico is chronologically and thematically organized into five chapters. The first chapter discusses the industry’s nineteenth-century roots abroad, its recomposition following World War I, the continuing risk of fire, and the emergence of government regulation. Chapter 2 treats the 1922–45 period, tracing the shift from fire insurance to war-related insurance, new risks associated with the automobile, and the replacement of European firms by North American ones. Chapter 3 discusses the post–World War II era, when the insurance industry experienced rapid growth as industrialization and urbanization took off. This period also saw an increase in the number of domestic firms. During World War I, the Puerto Rican American Insurance Company and Blue Cross were the only two domestic companies, but by 1961 there were 23 domestic firms. In chapter 4, Ferrao looks at the emergence of new risks resulting from improved living standards and urban life. He also examines the “puer-toriqueñización” of the industry (1966–98), as domestic firms replaced foreign firms. Chapter 5 contemplates twenty-first-century challenges to the industry, such as health insurance reforms and the reorganization of the industry following the repeal of the Glass-Steagall Act. Enacted in 1933, the Glass-Steagall Act came in response to widespread distrust of the financial services industry. The act segregated investment and commercial banking services. Each of Ferroa’s chapters is supplemented with colorful photographs and illustrations.Luis Ferrao’s book is a welcome addition to an otherwise-neglected area of Latin American history. Latin Americanist scholarship on insurance history is sparse and mostly outdated. By contrast, the history of insurance in North America and Europe is abundant and up to date. The significance of Ferrao’s work does not end there, however. He demonstrates how the Puerto Rican insurance industry began and developed in a manner quite distinct from patterns seen elsewhere in the world.Puerto Rico’s insurance industry first began with corporations owned by stockholders, all foreign. In contrast, the insurance industry in the United States began with mutual associations (companies owned by policyholders). Unlike the European and North American experience, nineteenth-century Puerto Rican insurers did not proactively explore risk-mitigation solutions. While nineteenth-century European and North American insurers pushed for municipal zoning, improved fire and construction codes, and professionally managed fire squadrons, Puerto Rican insurers remained complacent. Widespread reform did not begin until after the 1918 earthquake and the Yagüez theater fire.The industry is also unique in that it evolved from foreign control at the end of the nineteenth century to a domestic industry by the 1970s. Foreign firms retreated in the face of the energy and stagflation crises, leaving Puerto Rican firms (which were already well positioned) to fill the void. The corollary to local control, however, was undiversi-fied risk, which created serious problems for the industry in the 1980s and 1990s. The industry was weakened by a series of devastating hurricanes, the Dupont Plaza Hotel fire, and a gas explosion in Rio Piedras, a situation that was aggravated by scandal, credit downgrading, and an overreliance on reinsurance (insurance by another insurer of all or a part of a risk previously assumed by an insurance company).Rather than point out deficiencies, as is customarily done at this point in a review, I prefer to offer suggestions as to where subsequent research on this topic might proceed. The coincidence between the interests of insurers and those of society at large is apparent. Insurers favor mitigating risks in order to minimize claims, and society enjoys increased safety as a result of those efforts. It would be worth investigating how Puerto Rican society, particularly in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, perceived the idea of insurance and the insurance industry. Investigating how (if at all) the insurance industry supported the development of the financial services sector would also be a worth exploring. This is the least examined area of insurance history.In such an unresearched area of Latin American history, there are many new avenues to explore. Achieving social and economic development in Latin America is a function of how well risk is understood and managed. Doing this requires hindsight analysis of what has and has not been done. Historia de los seguros en Puerto Rico responds to this challenge and invites others to join.

This chapter discusses how media use changes when everyday life undergoes change, focusing on major life transitions. I briefly introduce different perspectives on evolving media repertoires across the life course, and argue for the relevance of studying periods of destabilization and reorientation, when elements of media repertoires and modes of public connection are temporarily or more permanently transformed. I argue that easily adaptable media technologies such as smartphones tend to become more important in unsettled circumstances, as easy-to-reach for tools for new forms of self-expression, information-seeking or social contact, in accordance with shifting social roles and everyday circumstances. The primary empirical material analyzed in the chapter is a small qualitative interview study with mothers, about their media use the first year with a new-born.

Teaching & Learning Guide for: Social Psychology and Media: Critical Consideration

This thesis is an historiographic examination of the emergence of Eastern Iranian boundaries. It examines the dual impact of Anglo-Russian geopolitics of the nineteenth century, and the nature of centre-periphery relationships within Iran's political system. Iran's political decisions in respect to her eastern flanks appear to have been mostly made in response to the impact of the so-called Great Game of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries played by Britain and Russia in the East. Meanwhile, the political centre in Iran appears to have revelled in the tradition of leaving political events on the geographical peripheries of the country to the provincial political actors without modifying and/or strengthening the ancient structure of centre-periphery relationships. These arguments bring the thesis to its central discussion. It has continuously been argued that monopolism of political power throughout most of the history has meant that the centre was solely responsible for making and implementing all decisions in Iran. This argument neglects the fact that the provincial political units, especially the frontier-keeping states of Iran were more effective in shaping the political geography of Iran's borderlands. This notion constitutes the overall hypothesis of this work which will be partly examined in the general introduction, and in part, in the subsequent chapters. The schematic model of Jean Gottmann's Iconography forms the basis for some theoretical frameworks within which the hypothesis will be examined. In this context, the frontier-keeping state of Khozeimeh of Eastern Iranian borderlands provides the best example of Iran's traditional political system. The historical background, political structure and regional role of the Khozeimeh Amirdom is first examined, followed by an account of the Amirdom's foreign relations. A brief introduction to the historical background of the political process which led to the partitioning of Greater Khorasan and separation of Herat is given. The hypothesis here is that these political processes set the stage for the emergence of Eastern Iranian boundaries largely to suit the strategic needs of British India. The actual delimitation and demarcation of the Khorasan and Baluchistan boundaries is examined. The hypothesis is proposed that the impact of the role of Khozeimeh Amirdom locally influenced the shape of these boundaries in favour of Iran. Evolution of the Sistan boundaries is discussed in which the impelling role of the Khozeimeh Amir of the time became more apparent. The second boundary arbitration of Sistan is reviewed which took place at the time when the role of the frontier-keeping Amirdom of Khozeimeh was largely undermined by the Iranian central authorities. The contrast between the role of the Khozeimeh Amirs in this period and that of the period of first boundary arbitration of Sistan demonstrates that whenever the interests of the central power coincided with those of the frontier-keeping states Iran benefited from it and whenever this coincidence of interests diminished, Iran suffered geographically. Finally the evolution of Hirmand water disputes between Iran and Afghanistan is examined to show how ineffective was the policy of involvement of central government in border issues when the role of local influence was marginalised. A general conclusion gives a guideline for a fresh approach towards the settlement of the Hirmand water disputes satisfactory to both Iran and Afghanistan.

Symposium Beyond Habermas: Text and ·Performance in the Making of·the "Public" in Late Qing and Republican China* Introduction* by Michael Tsin The term "public," or gong, has a venerable history in the Chinese political lexicon. From its origins in the classical texts, it has always carried the connotation of representing, in opposition to the realm of the personal (si), the interests of the collective. Just what exactly comprisedthecollectivewas,·.of course, subject to variations in context and changes in time and place. Prior to the latter part of the Qing, it was usually segments of the .literati elites who arrogated to themselves the role as the articulated voice of this elusive public. As with most aspects of everyday life in the late Qing, however, this traditional elite claim to be the arbiter of "public opinion" (gonglun) was confronted with significant challenges by the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The quest for new forms of political and social organization was accompanied by an intensive process of reconfiguring the notion of the "public" in China; it is a shared interest in exploring the histories of that important process that has resulted in this symposium. Unlike earlier scholars who examined the issue through the prism of the development ofa civil·society or JiirgenHabermas' s concept of a "public sphere" of reason and rationality, the three authors here address the reconfiguration of the "public" withinthe context of the transformations in print and media technology, the forging of new avenues for the enhanced circulation -and consumption-of written texts and visual images, and the ways in which the process of reconfiguration mediated between the.(re)-articulation of social/moral norms and values and the logic of an expanding consumer economy. Their findings and arguments have important implications for our understanding of twentieth-century Chinese history and beyond. * The papers in this symposium were originally presented in a panel entitled "Politics and Culture of the 'Public' in Late Imperial and Republican China," held on 18 January 2003 at the Southeast Conference of the Association for Asian Studies held at Jekyll Island, Georgia. Twentieth-Century China, Vol. 29, No.2 (April, 2004): 1-5 2 Twentieth-Century China Paize Keulemans' s study of the popularization of martial arts novels in the late Qing sets the stage for this process of reconfiguring the public. From their earlier incarnation as a form of art and entertainment that presupposed close and intimate interaction between the lone storyteller and the audience, these martial arts stories appeared increasingly in printed form by the latter part of the nineteenth century to cater to the need of a growing "middlebrow" Beijing audience . From there the marketing of these tales of knights-errant, moral integrity, and heroism spread to other parts of the empire, appropriated, as it were, by bannermen and Jiangnan literati alike for their own purposes. But it was the use of new printing technologies-lithography and metal type-that truly transformed the reach of these novels by the early twentieth century, enlarging the circulation and creating a new "reading public" in the process. By then the figure of the storyteller had been all but forgotten, yet the central motifs of these stories -heroic struggles and moral righteousness-were to endure as an integral part of the cultural repertoire of the newly reconfigured public, symbolized by the ever increasing number of urban consumers of these novels, in twentiethcentury China. Both Jan Kiely's article on the Communist hunger strikers and Eugenia Lean's essay on the fascinating case of the avenging assassin Shi Jianqiao demonstrate clearly the significance of these cultural motifs both in imagining and in the imagination of the new public. In their performance for the imagined public, both the Communist partisans and Shi Jianqiao made astute use of moral norms and values-justice, loyalty, integrity-to anchor their narratives and images for delivery to their potential audience. Just as Sheryl Kroen finds in her work on restoration France in the nineteenth century, these two articles together well illustrate the twin phenomena of "politics as theater" and "theater as politics"-to use Kroen's terms-in Republican China. 1 In his discussion of the resistance of Communist prisoners as a...

Reviewed by: The Mediated Mind: Affect, Ephemera, and Consumerism in the Nineteenth Century by Susan Zieger Leah Grisham (bio) Susan Zieger, The Mediated Mind: Affect, Ephemera, and Consumerism in the Nineteenth Century (New York: Fordham University Press, 2018), pp. 273, $30 paperback, $105 hardcover. At first glance, our culture's consumption of mass media—with our twenty-four-hour news cycle, social media, and love of iPhones—may not seem to have much in common with the nineteenth century. Susan Zieger's The Mediated Mind: Affect, Ephemera, and Consumerism in the Nineteenth Century, however, argues otherwise. By examining the close relationship between consumers and goods in nineteenth-century Britain, Zieger presents ephemeral items and the conversations they sparked as prefigurations of twenty-first century forms of mass media. At the center of this book are ephemera that have received little critical attention: objects like temperance pledge cards, inkblot games, cheap reprints of fine art, sheet music, and cigarette cards. Reading print as a media technology, she works to counter Theodore Adorno and Max Horkheimer's "image of the mindless mass cultural consumer" by exposing the affective, intellectual engagement between mass-produced print goods and consumers (12). "Affect," Zieger explains, "demarcates the friction—whether irritating, pleasurable, or compulsive—that results when a new mass medium repositions individuals in relation to the social" (208). In other words, ephemera produced discussion, debate, and unique types of knowledge that Zieger elucidates throughout the monograph. The first two chapters, which focus the most explicitly on mass-produced print objects, may be of special interest to Victorian Periodicals Review's readers. The innovative first chapter compellingly presents the temperance movement as a mass-media event by examining the effusion of print matter it produced, such as elaborate certificates for those who took sobriety pledges and cheap ballads promoting the cause. As she does in later chapters, Zieger links these ephemeral objects to community events, underscoring the active role ephemeral objects held in communal discourse; here she considers crowd-drawing spectacles like temperance speakers Father Mathew and John B. Gough. Though most of the book focuses on England, chapter one is more transatlantic in its approach (Gough was English-born but did most of his work in America, and Father Mathew was Irish). The wider lens of this chapter is both a strength and a weakness. While it offers interesting insights about ephemera and affect within Anglo-Irish and transatlantic contexts, it may leave readers wondering about the fissures or divergences among Irish, English, and American temperance ephemera. Chapter two (a version of which was published in Journal of Victorian Culture) considers how smoking became analogous with consuming print material, as shown in Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's [End Page 210] short story "The Man with the Twisted Lip" (1891) and Robert H. Buss's watercolor Dickens's Dream (1875). The literary, artistic, and ephemeral manifestations of smoking emphasize cognition, and the reader's absorption in written material becomes synonymous with the smoker's absorption in his tobacco. Additionally, smoking came with its own ephemera, such as collectable cards found inside cigarette boxes and publications created especially for smokers. This ephemera aided the proliferation of print media as an exchange of information, with many of the cards imparting encyclopedia-style facts that created a "cultural fantasy" aligning smoking with knowledge (75). Chapter three extends the discussion of print culture and knowledge by reading Harriet Martineau's Eastern Life Present and Past (1848) and Wilkie Collins's The Moonstone (1868) with a special emphasis on the materiality of ink. Broadening what is typically considered print culture, Zieger presents ink—and the phenomenon of ink gazing—as a notable media phenomenon itself. Often written about in Victorian culture, ink gazing consisted of a brown or black Orientalized other making predictions based on images that appeared in the surface of a pool of ink. In public consciousness, ink became associated with knowledge, information, and in some cases genius. Notably, Collins's novel adjusts this association, instead creating an analogy between ink pools and "the unconscious as information storage," a connection Zieger argues is reflected in the period's popular inkblot games and later Rorschach tests (118). These activities, which are...

The main aim of the paper is the theoretical analysis of the concept of the territorial heteronomy. Conclusions concerning the idea of territorial autonomy, regionalism or federalism easily can be found in the scientific literature. But they are useless to investigate and explain many political processes and political preferences in states of the Central and Eastern Europe. It is because states of this part of the continent did not have a chance to create and develop their own models of classic administration institutions in the nineteenth century, inter alia the local and regional government. Their only experience in this area is limited to the interwar period between 1918 and 1939. They have gained a new chance for a democratic division of public tasks after the collapse of the communist system in the very end of the twentieth century. But in that period they have focused more on the horizontal division of powers than on the vertical one. For that reason up till today political phenomena in the political centre have more importance than the regional policy impact attempts. The inspiration for such a research were electoral results obtained by two regional parties at elections to the Śląskie Voivodeship Assembly in 2018.

The ongms of the evolution of photography lie in the optic chamber or what is known as the artificial eye. The precursor of photography is found in the optical principle of the 'camera obscura' as utilized by Aristotle. Later on, this technique was also employed by the eleventh-century Arab scholar Alhacen, who was a pioneer in the use of the camera obscura to observe eclipses. However, not until the eighteenth century and the advent of the use of the camera obscura as a copying instrument can the first genuine step towards photography be detected. The camera obscura of the eighteenth century consisted of a box with a round hole at the top where the lens was placed and a mirror which reflected the image inside the chamber where, by introducing part of their body, someone was able to produce a copy of the image projected from outside. This camera obscura was first used by such famous figures from the world of art as Canaletto, in order to reproduce reality. The next stage in the development of the art of photography was obtaining a photochemical impression of the image reflected inside the camera obscura. In 1758, a German physician called Johann Schulze discovered that silver nitrate darkened when exposed to light. Between 1822 and 1826, Nicephore Niepce obtained the first permanent 'photograph' by carrying out innovative tests on a lithographic stone. Niepce came to realize that bitumen was resistant to the effects of light, but the plates required six or eight hours' exposure when prepared in this way. For many years, he collaborated with Louis Daguerre, the inventor of the diorama, who improved upon Niepce's invention. Daguerre managed to fix the image using a shiny silver or copper plate which was treated with iodine, forming a film of silver iodide. This substance proved to be highly sensitive to light, the image being fixed in three or four minutes in the camera obscura. This process, known as the 'Daguerreotype', became world famous in 1839. This development meant that the visible and three-dimensional images that surrounded citizens of the time could now be captured and transformed into two-dimensional pictures within the photographic chamber. Artists became free to distance themselves from realistic representation of the world around them and to begin to interpret the world as they perceived it with greater liberty, this period witnessing the birth of Impressionism which gave rise to a whole new notion of art. It also meant a bitter blow for those artists who had made their living out of portrait painting and were faced with being marginalized, as photography took hold and forced them to compete and cope with the new technology. The year 1911 saw the advent of what was termed 'colour photography', these being tinted and retouched photographs. The final jump to true colour photography would be made in 1935 when a process developed in a chemical laboratory became what we know as colour photography today. Photography has long been a means of keeping old memories alive. Photography has assumed the role of visual historian for our memories, capturing and preserving for posterity the images that time takes away with it. In the period spanning the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, photography experienced its boom period and took over, in many instances, from painted portraits. Artists began to usc photographs as a support for their drawings, with a view to achieving a greater degree of realism in their portraits. This new tool made the artist's life easier and meant that portraits became more affordable and accessible for the middle classes. Painters turned into photographers and photographers turned into painters. Artists' studios soon became both art and photography studios. At this juncture, photography developed as the basis for a number of different pictorial techniques employed on photographic supports, aimed at achieving the greatest degree of realism and imitating various different pictorial techniques used up until then by artists, such as oil painting, tempera and water colours, until it arrived at the chemical procedures that lie at the heart of colour photography. Painted photographs include:

Previous article FreeNotes on ContributorsPDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmailQR Code SectionsMoreJon Agar is Professor of Science and Technology Studies at University College, London. He is the author of Science in the Twentieth Century and Beyond (Polity/John Wiley, 2012) and The Government Machine (MIT Press, 2003).Jennifer Karns Alexander is a historian of technology in the Department of Mechanical Engineering and the Program in History of Science, Technology, and Medicine at the University of Minnesota. She is the author of The Mantra of Efficiency (Johns Hopkins, 2008), winner of the Society for the History of Technology's Edelstein Prize.Rachel A. Ankeny is a professor in the School of History and Politics at the University of Adelaide. She holds a master's in bioethics and a Ph.D. in history and philosophy of science; she specializes in history and philosophy of contemporary biology, particularly genetics, and worked in genetic counseling clinics in the 1980s.Theodore Arabatzis is Professor of History and Philosophy of Science at the University of Athens. He is the author of Representing Electrons: A Biographical Approach to Theoretical Entities (University of Chicago Press, 2006), coeditor of Kuhn's “The Structure of Scientific Revolutions” Revisited (Routledge, 2012), and coeditor of the journal Metascience.Massimiliano Badino is Marie Curie Research Fellow at the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona and MIT. He has worked on the history and philosophy of modern physics, particularly on Planck's theory of black-body radiation and on Boltzmann's statistical mechanics. His current research project deals with the evolution of the concepts of order and chaos in mathematical physics from the three-body problem to the ergodic theorem.Charlotte Bigg is a historian of science at the CNRS/Centre Alexandre Koyré, Paris. She has coedited (with Jochen Hennig) Atombilder: Ikonografie des Atoms in Wissenschaft und Öffentlichkeit des 20. Jahrhunderts (Wallstein, 2009) and (with David Aubin and Otto Sibum) The Heavens on Earth: Observatories and Astronomy in Nineteenth-Century Science and Culture (Duke, 2010).Christian Bracco is an associate professor at the University of Nice Sophia Antipolis and a member of the team for history of astronomy at the Syrte Laboratory at the Paris Observatory. He specializes in the history of physics of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and also contributes to pedagogical publications that address historical problematics.Massimo Bucciantini teaches history of science at the University of Siena. His publications include Galileo e Keplero (Einaudi, 2003; trans., Les Belles Lettres, 2008), Esperimento Auschwitz / Auschwitz Experiment (Primo Levi Lecture) (Einaudi, 2011), and Il telescopio di Galileo: Una storia europea (with M. Camerota and F. Giudice) (Einaudi, 2012; trans., Harvard University Press, 2015).Adelene Buckland is Lecturer in Nineteenth-Century Literature at King's College, London. She is the author of Novel Science: Fiction and the Invention of Nineteenth-Century Geology (Chicago, 2013) and coeditor, with Beth Palmer, of A Return to the Common Reader: Print Culture and the Novel, 1850–1900 (Ashgate, 2011).Conor Burns teaches history of science and technology courses at Ryerson University in Toronto. His current research examines American field sciences in the period 1780–1850, with a particular focus on archaeology and geology.Christián C. Carman is a professor and researcher at the Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Argentina, and a research member of the National Research Council of Argentina (CONICET). He works on topics related to philosophy of science as well as the history of ancient astronomy.Imogen Clarke is an independent scholar. She is interested in early twentieth-century physics and culture, science publishing, and the ether.Harold J. (Hal) Cook is the John F. Nickoll Professor of History at Brown University. He works mainly on early modern science and medicine and has published award-winning books, most recently Matters of Exchange: Commerce, Medicine, and Science in the Dutch Golden Age (Yale University Press, 2007).Ruth Schwartz Cowan is Janice and Julian Bers Professor Emerita of History and Sociology of Science at the University of Pennsylvania. Her most recent book is Heredity and Hope: The Case for Genetic Screening (Harvard, 2008). She is working on the sesquicentennial history of the National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council.Brendan Dooley is Professor of Renaissance Studies at University College, Cork. He has previously taught history of knowledge and history of science at Harvard, Notre Dame, and Jacobs University in Bremen. His current publications include Brill's Companion to Renaissance Astrology (2014), Renaissance Now! (Peter Lang, 2014), and A Mattress Maker's Daughter: The Renaissance Romance of Don Giovanni de' Medici and Livia Vernazza (Harvard, 2014).Sven Dupré is Professor of History of Knowledge at the Freie Universität Berlin and Research Group Director at the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science. He is the editor of Laboratories of Art: Alchemy and Art Technology from Antiquity to the Eighteenth Century (Springer, 2014).Richard England is Dean of the Sandra and Jack Pine Honors College and Professor of Philosophy at Eastern Illinois University. He is the coeditor (with Jude Nixon) of Victorian Science, Religion, and Natural Theology (2011) and one of three editors preparing an edition of the papers of the Metaphysical Society (1869–1880).James Evans is Director of the Program in Science, Technology, and Society at the University of Puget Sound. His research interests include the history of physics from the eighteenth century to the recent past, as well as ancient astronomy.Paul Lawrence Farber is an Oregon State University Distinguished Professor Emeritus. He has written primarily on the history of natural history and is now working on the tangled questions on race mixing in the first half of the twentieth century. His most recent book is Mixing Races: From Scientific Racism to Modern Evolutionary Ideas (Johns Hopkins, 2011).Amy E. Foster is an associate professor of history at the University of Central Florida, where she teaches the history of science, technology, and medicine. Her research includes the history of women and technology, particularly women in the U.S. space program.Craig Fraser is Chair of the International Commission for the History of Mathematics and Director of the Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology at the University of Toronto. His primary field of interest is the history of analysis and mathematical mechanics.Jean-François Gauvin is the Director of Administration for the Collection of Historical Scientific Instruments at Harvard University. Since 2000 he has cowritten and coedited two prize-winning volumes as well as several articles and book reviews dealing with science museums, instruments, and instrument making. He teaches one course per semester at Harvard on the material culture of science.Alexa Geisthövel is a research associate at the Institute for the History of Medicine and Ethics in Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin. Her work is part of the ERC-funded research project “Ways of Writing: How Physicians Know, 1550–1950.”Francesco Gerali is a postdoctoral researcher at the National Autonomous University of Mexico. A native Italian who works on the history of the early oil industry, he moved to Mexico in 2011 to study the development of Mexican oil between 1860 and 1920.Yves Gingras ([email protected]) is Professor in the Department of History and Canada Research Chair in History and Sociology of Science at the Université du Québec à Montréal. He was President of the Canadian Science and Technology Historical Association (CSTHA) from 1988 to 1993 and Editor of Scientia Canadensis from 1995 to 2000. His most recent books are Sociologie des sciences (Presses Universitaires de France, 2012) and Les derives de l'évaluation de la recherché: Du bon usage de la bibliométrie (Raisons d'Agir, 2013). He is also the editor of Controverses: Accords et désaccords en sciences humaines et sociales (CNRS Éditions, 2014).Leila Gómez is Associate Professor of Latin American and Comparative Literatures at the University of Colorado, Boulder. She specializes in travel writing in Latin America; her publications include La piedra del escándalo: Darwin en Argentina (Buenos Aires, 2008), Iluminados y tránsfugas: Relatos de viajeros y ficciones nacionales en Argentina, Paraguay y Perú (Madrid, 2009), and Darwinism in Argentina: Major Texts (Lewisburg, 2011).Christopher D. Green is Professor of Psychology at York University, with cross-appointments to Science and Technology Studies and to Philosophy. His research is focused on turn-of-the-twentieth-century American psychology and on the use of digital methods in the history of science more broadly.Crystal Hall is Visiting Assistant Professor of Digital Humanities at Bowdoin College, where she is building a digital project on Galileo's personal library. She is the author of Galileo's Reading (Cambridge, 2013) and several articles on Galileo and literary studies in journals including Renaissance Quarterly and Quaderni d'Italianistica.Christopher Hamlin is Professor in the Department of History and the graduate program in History and Philosophy of Science at the University of Notre Dame and Honorary Professor in the Department of Public Health and Policy at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. His interests include natural theology, the history of public health, and the history of expertise. His most recent book is More Than Hot: A Short History of Fever (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2014).John Henry recently retired from the University of Edinburgh, where he had been Professor of the History of Science and Director of the Science Studies Unit. He has published widely in the history of science, including an introductory textbook, A Short History of Scientific Thought (Palgrave Macmillan, 2012).Jonathan B. Imber is Jean Glasscock Professor of Sociology at Wellesley College. He has been Editor-in-Chief of Society since 1998. He is the author of Trusting Doctors: The Decline of Moral Authority in American Medicine (Princeton University Press, 2008).Catherine Jackson is an assistant professor in the Department of the History of Science at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. She has published on Liebig, Hofmann, and nineteenth-century chemical laboratories and is the coeditor, with Hasok Chang, of An Element of Controversy: The Life of Chlorine in Science, Medicine, Technology, and War (2007).Danielle Jacquart is a professor at the École Pratique des Hautes Études (Paris), where she holds the chair for “History of Sciences in the Middle Ages.” She is the author of numerous publications on medieval medicine. Among the most recent are “Anatomy, Physiology, and Medical Theory,” in The Cambridge History of Science, Volume 2: Medieval Science (2013); and Recherches médiévales sur la nature humaine: Essais sur la réflexion médicale (SISMEL, 2014).Frank A. J. L. James is Professor of History of Science at the Royal Institution and at University College, London. He recently completed the six-volume edition of the Correspondence of Michael Faraday and is now working on a study of Humphry Davy's practical work.Mark Jenner is Reader in Early Modern History and Director of the Centre for Renaissance and Early Modern Studies at the University of York. His publications include Londinopolis (Manchester, 2000) and Medicine and the Market in England and Its Colonies, c. 1450–c. 1850 (Palgrave, 2007). He completing a book on ideas of cleanliness and dirt in early modern England.Masanori Kaji is Associate Professor of the History of Science at the Tokyo Institute of Technology. His research interests include history of chemistry in Russia and in Japan and environmental history. He is the author of Mendeleev's Discovery of the Periodic Law of Chemical Elements (1997).Vera Keller is an assistant professor at the Robert D. Clark Honors College of the University of Oregon. She is the author of over a dozen articles. Her first book, Knowledge and the Public Interest, 1575–1725 (Cambridge University Press, forthcoming), explores the role of interest theory in the reshaping of research in early modern Europe.Sally Gregory Kohlstedt is a professor in the Program in History of Science, Technology, and Medicine at the University of Minnesota. Her recent book, Hands-On Nature Study (2011), won the Margaret Rossiter Prize. She will spend her sabbatical year, 2014–2015, doing research on museum history at various sites, including the Smithsonian Institution and the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science.Brandon Konoval is on the faculty at the University of British Columbia, where he is cross-appointed in the Arts One Program and the School of Music. He has written most recently on Nietzsche and the Scopes trial for Perspectives on Science (2014) and on the relationship between Nietzsche and Foucault for Nietzsche-Studien (2013).Stefan Krebs, a postdoctoral researcher in the Department of Technology and Society Studies at Maastricht University, is the author of Technikwissenschaft als soziale Praxis (Franz Steiner Verlag, 2008) and, with Karin Bijsterveld, Eefje Cleophas, and Gijs Mom, of Sound and Safe: A History of Listening Behind the Wheel (Oxford University Press, 2014).Kenton Kroker has published on the history of sleep research, experimental psychology, and clinical immunology. His current research project, Epidemic Futures, is a historical reconstruction of the encephalitis lethargica pandemics of the early twentieth century. He is an associate professor in the Department of Science and Technology Studies at York University in Toronto.Deepak Kumar teaches history of science and education at Jawaharlal Nehru University in New Delhi. During the last four decades he has researched and published a great deal on the history of science, technology, and medicine in the context of British India. He is also known for his book Science and the Raj (Oxford, 2nd ed., 2006).Thomas C. Lassman is curator of the post–World War II rocket and missile collection at the National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution. His research interests focus on the history of U.S. industrial and military research and development and the history of weapon systems acquisition in the Department of Defense.Christoph Lehner works on history and philosophy of modern physics, especially quantum mechanics and quantum field theory. He is a research scholar at the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science in Berlin and the coordinator of the project “History and Foundations of Quantum Physics.”David Leith is an Advanced Research Fellow in the Department of Classics and Ancient History at the University of Exeter. His main research interests lie in Greco-Roman medicine, in particular its relations to ancient philosophy.Thomas Lessl is Professor of Communication Studies at the University of Georgia. He is the author of Rhetorical Darwinism: Evolution, Religion, and the Scientific Identity (Baylor University Press, 2012).Mark Madison is Adjunct Professor at Shepherd University and the Chief Historian for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service at the National Conservation Training Center Museum/Archives.Anna Maerker is Senior Lecturer in History of Medicine at King's College, London. She works on the relationship between expertise and material culture in medicine and science and is the author of Model Experts: Wax Anatomies and Enlightenment in Florence and Vienna, 1775–1815 (2013).Jaume Navarro is Ikerbasque Research Professor at the University of the Basque Country. He is the author, among other works, of A History of the Electron: J. J. and G. P. Thomson (Cambridge, 2012) and coeditor of Research and Pedagogy: A History of Quantum Physics through Its Textbooks (Berlin, 2013).Vivian Nutton is Emeritus Professor of the History of Medicine at University College, London, and a Fellow of the British Academy. His recent publications include a revision of his Ancient Medicine (2013), the first English translation and commentary on Galen's Avoiding Distress (2013), and the historical introduction to the 2013 Karger translation of Vesalius's The Fabric of the Human Body.Mary Jo Nye is Professor of History Emerita at Oregon State University in Corvallis. Her most recent book is Michael Polanyi and His Generation: Origins of the Social Construction of Science (University of Chicago Press, 2011). Her current research focuses on patterns of collaboration in twentieth-century chemical sciences.Giuliano Pancaldi is Professor of the History of Science at the University of Bologna. He is the author of Darwin in Italy (Indiana, 1991) and Volta (Princeton, 2003). He is now working on a study of the connections between the life sciences and the demographic transition circa 1900.Leigh Penman is a postdoctoral fellow at the Centre for the History of European Discourses at the University of Queensland. He is the author of Unanticipated Millenniums: Chiliastic Thought in Post-Reformation Lutheranism (Springer, forthcoming) and numerous articles in the areas of early modern religious and intellectual history.Michael Pettit is Associate Professor of Psychology and Science and Technology Studies at York University. His first book is The Science of Deception: Psychology and Commerce in America (University of Chicago Press, 2013). He studies the history of psychology's research methods and ethics, the relationship between scientists and subject populations, the interface between psychology and public policy, and the circulation of psychology in the public sphere.Patricia Princehouse is a member of the Department of History and Director of the Program in Evolutionary Biology, Institute for the Science of Origins, Case Western Reserve University.Monica Saavedra is a research fellow at the Centre for Global Health Histories, University of York. She has worked in the fields of medical anthropology and the history of medicine and has published about vaccination and malaria in former Portuguese India and Portugal.C. F. Salazar, previously the Editor-in-Chief of Brill's New Pauly, is a research associate at both the University of Newcastle upon Tyne and the Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, working on translations of works by Galen and Aetius of Amida, respectively.George Saliba is Professor of Arabic and Islamic Science at Columbia University and studies the development of scientific ideas from late antiquity to early modern times. His most recent book is Islamic Science and the Making of the European Renaissance (MIT Press, 2007; paperback, 2011).Darya Serykh is a Ph.D. student in Social and Political Thought at York University. Her current research focuses on the production of queer discourses in the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War.Megan K. Sethi is an adjunct professor at Southern New Hampshire University. Her work examines the educational activities of scientists who promoted nuclear arms control during the early Cold War era. She participated in the Wilson Center's SHAFR Summer Institute on the International History of Nuclear Weapons in 2013.Michael H. Shank is Professor of the History of Science at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. He is the coeditor, with David Lindberg, of the Cambridge History of Science, Volume 2: Medieval Science (2013).Elise Juzda Smith has written on the history of craniology, anthropometry, and scientific racism in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. She is currently a Teaching and Research Fellow in the History of Medicine at the University of Oxford.Richard Staley lectures in the Department of History and Philosophy of Science at the University of Cambridge. He is the author of Einstein's Generation and the Relativity Revolution (Chicago, 2008), and his current research explores physics and anthropology.Heiko Stoff is Guest Professor for the History of Science and Technology at the Technical University of Braunschweig. He has published on the history of rejuvenation (Ewige Jugend: Konzepte der Verjüngung vom späten 19. Jahrhundert bis ins Dritte Reich [Böhlau, 2004]) and the history of biologically active substances (Wirkstoffe: Eine Wissenschaftsgeschichte der Hormone, Vitamine und Enzyme, 1920–1970 [Stuttgart, 2012]). He is the editor, with Alexander von Schwerin and Bettina Wahrig, of Biologics: A History of Agents Made from Living Organisms in the Twentieth Century (Pickering & Chatto, 2013).Liba Taub is Director and Curator of the Whipple Museum of the History of Science and Professor of History and Philosophy of Science at the University of Cambridge. Her publications include Aetna and the Moon: Explaining Nature in Ancient Greece and Rome, Ancient Meteorology, and Ptolemy's Universe: The Natural Philosophical and Ethical Foundations of Ptolemy's Astronomy.Jetze Touber is a postdoctoral researcher at Utrecht University. His Ph.D. dissertation, on the cult of the saints and law, medicine, and in Rome, has recently been published by His research interests include in the Dutch and and in the of is Associate Professor of History and Sociology of Science at the University of and the author of The Science and Technology is Emeritus Professor of History at the University of New and the author of in The of American and the of the and Conservation in America (University of Chicago is Research Group at the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science in Berlin. His research focuses on the history of ancient and early modern mechanics and on the between practical and knowledge in the history of a historian of ancient and medieval Islamic and is coordinator of at University and of the Canadian Society for History and Philosophy of He is author of The Mathematics of the Heavens and the Earth: The Early History of (Princeton, 2009) and The Art of (Princeton, is Senior Lecturer in the History of Science in the Department of History at University. His research focuses on the early modern between and He has published on the history of and astronomy and is now preparing work on early modern and on the of A. is an assistant professor of history at University and teaches in the industrial archaeology graduate program His work is between early modern and and the history of nineteenth-century American military technology and the that J. is an assistant professor of history at The University of the and the author of The as Scientific and in the Early Enlightenment (Chicago, An early who specializes in the history of science, she has published widely on and and education in the first half of the eighteenth century. She is working on a project about the history of the in early modern is Assistant Professor of History of Art at State University. He is a in medieval and the history of His first book, de and the Medieval in from the Institute in is Research Fellow in the Department of History and Philosophy of Science, University of and Research Associate at King's College, Cambridge. Her current research project focuses on the of culture, medicine, and the role of in science, Previous article by Volume of the History of Science Society on by The History of Science articles