Abstract
Simple SummaryThe potential role of pain in problem behavior is widely acknowledged, but there seems to be a lack of reporting of this issue. It is difficult to present definitive evidence concerning the breadth of the problem given the individuality of problem behavior. In this commentary, we present evidence from our own caseloads to illustrate the scale and the nature of the issue with a view to increasing awareness of the problem by veterinarians, non-veterinary behaviorists, and owners. Among the referral caseloads of several of the authors, the prevalence in recent years ranges from 28–82%, and many of these conditions can be suspected from close observation of the patient. While the actual mechanism underpinning the association between pain and problem behavior may never be known in a given case, we suggest the relationship between the problem behavior and pain can be classified into one of four categories: the presenting complaint is a direct manifestation of pain; unidentified pain is underpinning secondary concerns within the initial behavior problem; there is an exacerbation of one or more signs of problem behavior as a result of pain; or adjunctive behavioral signs are associated with pain. We conclude that, in general, it is better for veterinarians to treat suspected pain first rather than consider its significance only when the animal does not respond to behavior therapy.We argue that there is currently an under-reporting of the ways in which pain can be associated with problem behavior, which is seriously limiting the recognition of this welfare problem. A review of the caseloads of 100 recent dog cases of several authors indicates that a conservative estimate of around a third of referred cases involve some form of painful condition, and in some instances, the figure may be nearly 80%. The relationship is often complex but always logical. Musculoskeletal but also painful gastro-intestinal and dermatological conditions are commonly recognized as significant to the animal’s problem behavior. The potential importance of clinical abnormalities such as an unusual gait or unexplained behavioral signs should not be dismissed by clinicians in general practice, even when they are common within a given breed. In general, it is argued that clinicians should err on the side of caution when there is a suspicion that a patient could be in pain by carefully evaluating the patient’s response to trial analgesia, even if a specific physical lesion has not been identified.
Highlights
Associations between certain forms of common behavior problems in dogs and chronic musculoskeletal pain have recently been described [1,2,3], and clearly there is a need to differentiate these pain-related conditions from ones that do not feature pain.pain-related effects may not manifest directly in a primary behavior complaint, but rather they may moderate a pre-existing behavioral condition or present unusual signs in association with a case
Presenting complaint as a direct manifestation of pain; Unidentified pain underpinning secondary concerns within the initial behavior problem; Exacerbation of one or more signs of problem behavior as a result of pain; Adjunctive behavioral signs associated with pain
The issue of the influence of pain on anxiety and problem behavior as a result is discussed in the third section dealing with the exacerbation of signs of pain, since, in our experience, this is the more common manifestation of this influence, but—as we illustrate in a case study in that section—some apparently anxious behavior problems may be directly related to pain
Summary
Associations between certain forms of common behavior problems in dogs (i.e., aggressive behavior, noise sensitivities) and chronic musculoskeletal pain have recently been described [1,2,3], and clearly there is a need to differentiate these pain-related conditions from ones that do not feature pain. Pain-related effects may not manifest directly in a primary behavior complaint, but rather they may moderate a pre-existing behavioral condition or present unusual signs in association with a case. In the latter instance, it is important for clinicians to be sensitive to these potential markers of pain alongside more obvious ones. In 2013, an unpublished review of the case log of resident Karagiannis at the University of Lincoln returned a figure of 23% for dogs This appears to be at the lower end of the prevalence reported more recently across a wider geographic base by some of the authors of this article (Table 1). Presenting complaint as a direct manifestation of pain; Unidentified pain underpinning secondary concerns within the initial behavior problem; Exacerbation of one or more signs of problem behavior as a result of pain; Adjunctive behavioral signs associated with pain
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