“Padi Lingko” to Reduce Hexavalent Chromium Levels (Cr(VI)) in Citarum River Water Sample

The study was conducted to findout the physico-chemical and bacteriological characteristics of Noyyal River and ground water quality of Perur, India. The river water and ground water (bore well and open well) samples were collected in and around Perur and analyzed for various physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters. The study indicated that the mean value of studied parameters, except phosphate, biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the river water and ground water samples were within the permissible limit. The parameters include total suspended solids (TSS- 132.2 mgl-1), BOD (9.55 mgl-1), COD (19.28 mgl-1), phosphate (PO4 2-- 1.58 mgl-1) and total nitrogen (TN- 2.04 mgl-1) of the river water sample were found higher when compared to the ground water samples. The bacteriological study showed that the total heterotrphic bacteria (THB - 124.4 x 103 CFU/ml), Total Coliforms (TC-2600 MPN/10ml), Faecal Coliforms (FC-1750 MPN/10ml), Faecal Streptococci (FS- 120 MPN/10ml) and FC/FS ratio (14.6) in the river water samples were found to be greater than the standard WHO limits. The generic distribution in the samples revealed that the presence of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus, Enterobacter, Streptococci, Bacillus and Micrococcus were predominant in river water samples. The river water was found to be unfit for human consumption due to the exceeding level of Coliforms. The quality of ground water around Noyyal River was found to be safe and utilizable for cultivation purposes. If the quality management is properly maintained, the river water could be utilized for a wide range of application viz, irrigation, drinking etc.

A bstract The dyeing and printing process es in textile industry produces wastewater containing residual dye s . The most widely used textile dyes are azo dyes. The textile industry is one of the main industr ies in West Java province, where one of the textile industry center s is Majalaya textile industry center. Majalaya textile industry center had beg u n since the 1910s, where in Majalaya subd istrict located the most textile companies which produc ed textile wastewater. Textile w astewater which contain ed azo dyes discharged into the Citarum Hulu River directly or after treatment in the Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP) owned by the company. One of the p roduct metabolites produced from azo dyes biodegradation by bacteria in anaerobic conditions are various anilines. Several aniline s which are persistent , c ould flow to downstream of Citarum Hulu River. Various anilines, referred to as total aniline s , c ould be analyzed by the colorimetric method using visual spectrophotometer. T otal aniline s in water sample s after biodegradation by anaerobic bacteria was 14.46 mg/l highest . While total aniline in river water samples was 3.58 mg/l highest. And at the downstream of Citarum Hulu River, there was total of aniline 1,825 mg/l highest in the river sediment samples . DO in the river water samples were 4.25 - 7.8 mg/l, while pH of the river water samples were 7.1 - 10.7. The occurence of total aniline in textile wastewater and river water samples in Citarum Hulu River ( Majalaya subdistrict) and in river sediments at the downstream of Citarum Hulu indicated biodegradation of azo dyes from textile wastewater by anaerobic bacteria. Key words : Citarum Hulu River, textile wastewater, azo dyes, total aniline

Evaluation of methods used to concentrate and detect hepatitis A virus in water samples

A simple and selective method was developed for determining the concentration of hexaconazole in river and sea water samples by using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry with an electrospray ionization interface in the positive ion mode and selective reaction monitoring mode. Trace amounts of hexaconazole were collected in a Sep-Pak Plus tC18 cartridge that was eluted with methanol. The detection limit for hexaconazole was 6 ng/l. The recovery of a standard aqueous solution containing 1 microg/l was 96%. The recovery of hexaconazole in the river and sea water samples was 95% and 90%, respectively. Hexaconazole was not detected in the sea water samples. Trace peaks of hexaconazole were found in the river water samples, the concentration being less than 6 ng/l in all cases. The biological degradation of hexaconazole was tested by using river water. No degradation of hexaconazole was apparent in river water incubated at 20 degrees C for 3 weeks.

Old Nakagawa River is located in eastern part of Tokyo, 6.68km long, and runs along Arakawa River. The river is semi-closed to Arakawa River. River water and sediment samples were collected from 18 and 5 sites from Old Nakagawa River and Arakawa River, respectively. River water samples were analyzed for Na+ and K+ by AAS (atomic absorption spectroscopy), anions (Cl-, SO42-, Br-, NO3-, PO43-) by ion chromatography, and trace metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Mo, Ni, Pb, Zn) by ICP-MS (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry). River sediments samples were analyzed for mineral identification by XRD (X-ray diffraction), and for trace metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Mo, Ni, Pb, Zn) by ICP-MS. Cr6+ concentrations in river water and sediment samples were analyzed by fixations of Cr6+ by CaHPO4. Five step extraction method by Hall et al. (1996) was used to clarify the proportion of trace metals in each step (extracted solution) for the river sediment samples. I-geo (geoaccumulation index) and EF (enrichment factor) for the trace metals calculated from analytical data on river sediments samples are very high, indicating that the river sediments are highly polluted. Cr6+ in the river water and sediments samples was not detected, although ΣCr in sediments sample is very high, indicating Cr is present as 3+ in the sediments and water, and Cr in sediments is not mobile. Trace metal elements are classified into three groups. They are (A) Cd and Zn which exist mainly as AEC (adsorption- ion exchangeable) and acid soluble (carbonate) fraction, (B) Cu and Pb which exist mainly as amorphous and Fe oxyhydroxide occluded fraction, and (C) Cr and Ni which exist as various fractions.

Assessing the presence of viruses in large-volume samples involves cumbersome methods that require specialized training and laboratory equipment. In this study, a large volume concentration (LVC) method, based on dead-end ultrafiltration (DEUF) and Wet Foam Elution™ technology, was evaluated in different type of waters and different microorganisms. Its recovery efficiency was evaluated through different techniques (infectivity assays and molecular detection) by spiking different viral surrogates (bacteriophages PhiX174 and MS2 and Coxsackie virus B5 (CVB5) and Escherichia coli (E. coli). Furthermore, the application of a secondary concentration step was evaluated and compared with skimmed milk flocculation. Viruses present in river water, seawater and groundwater samples were concentrated by applying LVC method and a centrifugal ultrafiltration device (CeUF), as a secondary concentration step and quantified with specific qPCR Human adenoviruses (HAdV) and noroviruses (NoVs). MS2 was used as process control, obtaining a mean viral recovery of 22.0 ± 12.47%. The presence of other viruses was also characterized by applying two different next-generation sequencing approaches. LVC coupled to a secondary concentration step based on CeUF allowed to detect naturally occurring viruses such as HAdV and NoVs in different water matrices. Using HAdV as a human fecal indicator, the highest viral pollution was found in river water samples (100% of positive samples), followed by seawater (83.33%) and groundwater samples (66.67%). The LVC method has also proven to be useful as a virus concentration method in the filed since HAdV and NoVs were detected in the river water and groundwater samples concentrated in the field. All in all, LVC method presents high concentration factor and a low limit of detection and provides viral concentrates useful for subsequent molecular analysis such as PCR and massive sequencing.

Microcystins are a group of biologically active hepatotoxic peptides produced by bloom-forming cyanobacteria in water. The harmful cyanobacterial blooms in natural water have become an increasing environmental problem all over the world and the exposure hazards are threating due to difficulties in controlling nutrients specially in tropical countries. Total of 72 water samples were collected from 18 locations representing three water types (river, irrigation and wastewater) from Sohag and Assiut Governorates. All water samples were analyzed for chemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and dissolved oxygen. Intracellular and extracellular microcystins (MC-LR, MC-RR and MC-YR) were quantified. Microcystins were estimated in all river water samples and 40% of the samples contained concentration higher than that established by World Health Organization and the highest detected concentration was 41.45 µg/L. The concentration of extracellular microcystins was higher than the intracellular in 40%, 20% and 62.5% of the river water, irrigation water and wastewater sample's locations, respectively. Additionally, the mean concentration of MC-LR in river water samples was 4.04 ± 7.12 ug/L and it was the most common type as it was detected in all samples followed by MC-YR and MC-RR detected in 40% and 20% of the samples, respectively. Hazard quotient of microcystins through intake of river water in Sohag Governorate was higher than 1 indicating high potential risk for children. Furthermore, the health risk degree due to ingestion of Nile river drinking water in Sohag Governorate is high and medium risk degree for children and adult, respectively. Therefore, extra consideration should be paid because microcystins not only cause acute toxic effect but also have the ability to initiate cancer. Conclusively, there are ready steps to protect the human health include educating people about the dangers of microcystins and about water hygiene and proper waste disposal methods, with the need for regular observation of the physical appearance of the water.

Functionalization of chitosan with 3-nitro-4-amino benzoic acid moiety and its application to the collection/concentration of molybdenum in environmental water samples

BTEX compounds leachates from cigarette butts into water environment: A primary study.

This study was designed to determine the bacteriological quality and some physico-chemical qualities of river, domestic and swimming pool water in Nairobi area. A total of 52 samples were analyzed. Out of these 20were from swimming pools, 18 were tap and 14 were river sample. The temperature means of swimming pool water was 21.4oC tap water 21.2 oC, and river 20.6 oC while Ph values were 7.8, 6.8 and 6.8 respectively. The fluoride levels were 0.87ppm for swimming pool water with a range of 0.19 to 2.3ppm. Chloride levels ranged from 3ppm for swimming pools to 0 in river water. The total bacteria count (TBC) for swimming pool water was between 0 and 1.2×103 0 to 6.89 ×101 for tap water and a mean of 2.404 × 104 for river water. The most probable number of coliforms per 100ml was 3.7 for swimming pool water, 42.2 for tap water and 180 for river water. All river, swimming pool and 21.4% of domestic samples. 30% of swimming pool water, 37.5% of domestic water and 71.4% of river water samples were positive for feacal streptococci. 12, (87.5%) river water samples, 2 (10%) swimming pool and 2 (10%) swimming pool and 2spp. was found in 6(49.2%) of the river water samples. The significant and implications of these results as relates to the user of the water are discussed. The Kenya Veterinarian Vol. 27 2004: pp. 61-64

GC-MS/MS determination and ecological risk assessment of pesticides in aquatic system: A case study in Hooghly River basin in West Bengal, India

Development of a Luminex assay for the simultaneous detection of human enteric viruses in sewage and river water

The result of source identification of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like PCBs (co-PCBs) in Japanese river water is presented for the first time. River water and atmospheric deposition samples were collected from different locations in Tokyo Metropolis and Kanagawa Prefecture. The river water samples exhibited a range from 190 to 520 pg&middotl-1 for total mono through octachlorinated PCDD/Fs and a range from 21 to 220 pg&middotl-1 for total co-PCBs. Dichlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (DiCDDs) were the most abundant homologue in the river water samples (54-89% of total PCDD/Fs), while monochlorinated dibenzofurans (MoCDFs) were the most abundant homologue in the atmospheric deposition samples (24-51% of total PCDD/Fs). The concentrations of total TEQ ranged from 0.12 to 0.80 pg-TEQ·l-1 in the river water samples, and total TEQ was dominated by particulate phase PCDD/Fs and co-PCBs, accounting for 62-97%. The congener profiles of the river water were basically similar to those of the atmospheric deposition (combustion). Several congeners in the river water, however, showed significantly higher proportions within each homologue than those in the atmospheric deposition. Part of these results could be explained by the effects of the impurities of triclosan, which is widely used as a germicide and antiseptic. Multiple regression analysis was used to estimate the contributions of different sources to total TEQ in the river water. The result showed that 73-92% of total TEQ originated from a combustion source.

Stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) has been developed in 1999 to efficiently extract and preconcentrate volatile compounds, and many applications have been found after that. This technique conforms to the principles of green chemistry. Here, we used an autosampler with an online thermal desorption unit connected to CGC-MS to analyze pesticides. This study describes the development of a highly sensitive extraction method based on SBSE for simultaneous determination of ultra-trace amounts of four pesticides λ-cyhalothrin, α-cypermethrin, tefluthrin, and dimefluthrin in environmental water samples. This method was compared to the standard liquid–liquid extraction. In this study, a totally solventless SBSE was applied to river and tap water samples for the extraction and preconcentration of four pesticides. PDMS-coated SBSEs of 10 mm × 1 mm thickness were used for this purpose, and SBSEs were directly placed into a large-volume injector of a CGC-MS for thermal desorption of the analytes. In all extractions, deltamethrin was used as an internal standard. This method showed linearity in the range of 1.0–200.0 ng L−1 for cyhalothrin, tefluthrin, and dimefluthrin and 10.0–800 ng L−1 for cypermethrin. Preconcentration factors of 179, 7, 162, and 166 were obtained with very low limits of detection of 0.32, 3.41, 0.36m and 0.69 ng L−1 for cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, tefluthrinm and dimefluthrin, respectively. These detection limits are thousands of times lower than that of the standard method of liquid–liquid extraction. Reproducibility of the method, based on the relative standard deviation, was better than 7.5% and recoveries for spiked tap and river water samples was within the range of 87.83–114.45%. The application of PDMS-coated SBSE coupled with CGC-MS equipped with a large volume injector thermal desorption unit can be used for ultra-trace analysis of environmental water samples. Solventless SBSE offers several advantages over conventional traditional liquid–liquid extraction such as being very fast and economical and provides better extraction without requiring any solvents; so it can be considered as a green method for the analysis of pesticides.

Contamination of the urban aquatic environment with chemical and biological substances could have a long-term impact on human health because these substances threaten the integrity of the urban ecosystem and the availability of high-quality water for recreation and consumption. In light of this, the aim of the present study was to assess the potential immunological effects of water sampled at various sites along the River Saale near the city of Halle (in the state of Sachsen-Anhalt, Germany). For the control, Ficoll-separated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of healthy donors were cultured for 24 h in either filter-sterilized river water or drinking-water samples. Cell vitality was assessed using the MTT bioassay. Cytokines in culture supernatants were measured by ELISA. Endotoxin concentrations in the water samples were assessed by the limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) test. River water and drinking water showed comparably weak cytotoxic effects on PBMC. Drinking water did not exert any effect on cytokine secretion. In contrast, all river-water samples triggered secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, as shown for TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6. Free endotoxin was detected in all river-water samples. However, the highest inflammatory activity regarding induction of all three cytokines, as well as the highest endotoxin content as determined by LAL, was found in a water sample taken immediately downstream of a wastewater treatment plant. Inhibition studies using the monoclonal anti-CD14 antibody biG14, which is known to suppress binding of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to CD14 via binding CD14 itself, revealed that free endotoxin was indeed the major inducer of proinflammatory cytokines in the river-water samples. Taken together, the results suggest that the microorganism-derived endotoxin is a widely distributed contaminant in the urban aquatic environment that should be considered in routine monitoring and in assessing ecosystem and human health.