Abstract
Background: The antioxidant, hypoglycemic, and insulin-enhancing effects of ginger and cinnamon were previously confirmed in experimental and human studies, while the combined effect of ginger and cinnamon was not thoroughly investigated until now. Objectives: This study was designed to assess the antidiabetic effect of combined administration of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) and cinnamon (Cinnamomum cassia L.) in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats compared to metformin and to explain the mechanism behind this effect. Materials and methods: STZ was utilized to induce diabetes mellitus in male Sprague–Dawley rats. Assessments of fasting blood glucose level (BGL), the total antioxidant capacity (TAC), serum insulin, HOMA-IR, and HOMA–β cells were performed. Pancreatic gene expression of β-catenin and p53 was assessed using RT-PCR. Assessment of histopathological alterations of pancreatic islet cells was performed using routine and immunohistochemical techniques. Results: BGL significantly decreased (p = 0.01), while serum insulin and TAC significantly increased (p < 0.001) in both metformin- and ginger plus cinnamon–treated groups compared to the untreated diabetic group. HOMA–β cell index significantly increased (p = 0.001) in ginger plus cinnamon, indicating their enhancing effect on insulin secretion in diabetic conditions. p53 gene expression was significantly upregulated (p < 0.001), while β-catenin was insignificantly downregulated (p = 0.32) in ginger plus cinnamon–treated groups. Insulin immunoexpression in β cells significantly increased (p = 0.001, p = 0.004) in metformin- and ginger plus cinnamon–treated groups, respectively. Conclusions: The combined administration of ginger and cinnamon has a significant hypoglycemic and antioxidant effect in STZ-induced diabetes mostly through enhancing repair of islet cells mediated via upregulation of pancreatic p53 expression. Therefore, testing this effect in diabetic patients is recommended.
Highlights
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic endocrine disorder that represents one of the major causes of death in humans worldwide
It is evidenced that β-cell mass and insulin secretion are affected in both major types of DM; pancreatic β cells are targeted in new therapeutics (Nurdiana et al, 2017)
It was noticed that Zingiber officinale Roscoe mainly includes zingiberene (∼10%), citral (∼9%), cedrene (∼5%), β-sesquiphellandrene (∼5%), cinnamaldehyde (∼4%), and other components (Table 1)
Summary
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic endocrine disorder that represents one of the major causes of death in humans worldwide. Oxidative stress, induced by hyperglycemia, increases the levels of pro-inflammatory proteins and inflammatory cytokines secreted by macrophages with subsequent local and systemic inflammation (Giacco and Brownlee, 2010). Streptozotocin (STZ) (60 mg/kg) can begin an autoimmune process that results in pancreatic β-cell toxicity with subsequent clinical diabetes within 2–4 days (Weiss, 1982). Because of that, it is used for induction of type I DM in an animal model. It is evidenced that β-cell mass and insulin secretion are affected in both major types of DM; pancreatic β cells are targeted in new therapeutics (Nurdiana et al, 2017). The antioxidant, hypoglycemic, and insulin-enhancing effects of ginger and cinnamon were previously confirmed in experimental and human studies, while the combined effect of ginger and cinnamon was not thoroughly investigated until now
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