Abstract
The uncertainty and volatility of wind power have led to large-scale wind curtailment during grid connections. The adoption of power-to-hydrogen (P2H) system in a microgrid (MG) can mitigate the renewable curtailment by hydrogen conversion and storage. This paper conducts unified modeling for different types of P2H systems and considers the multi-energy trading in a hydrogen-coupled power market. The proposed bi-level equilibrium model is beneficial to minimize the energy cost of microgrids. Firstly, a microgrid operation model applied to different P2H systems including an alkaline electrolysis cell (AEC), a proton exchange membrane electrolysis cell (PEMEC), or a solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) is proposed at the upper level. Secondly, an electricity market–clearing model and a hydrogen market model are constructed at the lower level. Then, the diagonalization algorithm is adopted to solve the multi-market equilibrium problem. Finally, case studies based on an IEEE 14-bus system are conducted to validate the proposed model, and the results show that the microgrid with a P2H system could gain more profits and help increase the renewable penetration.
Highlights
Renewable energy (RE) is helpful to alleviate energy and environmental pressures, but the uncertainty and randomness of wind power have led to large-scale wind curtailment at present (Xie et al, 2019)
This paper mainly studies the equilibrium problem of electric hydrogen multi-market under different P2H technologies
The results show that the three P2H systems, alkaline electrolysis cell (AEC), proton exchange membrane electrolysis cell (PEMEC), and solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC), all can promote the accommodation of RE after reasonable configuration, and the PEMEC has the best effect
Summary
Renewable energy (RE) is helpful to alleviate energy and environmental pressures, but the uncertainty and randomness of wind power have led to large-scale wind curtailment at present (Xie et al, 2019). The solution of ME can be transformed into a convex optimization problem by introducing the demand response trading market to deal with the market bidding deviation caused by wind power due to its characteristics and constructing an oligopoly game equilibrium model (Xian et al, 2018). This paper proposes a bi-level equilibrium model that incorporates hydrogen energy into multi-market transactions based on the traditional electric energy market and takes three types of P2H systems into account to solve the problems of ME and inconsistent P2H models while promoting RE accommodation. 2) Considering the interaction and transaction modes of P2H, electricity and hydrogen storage, hydrogen sales, and hydrogen-to-power (H2P), a bi-level equilibrium model of MG, EM, and hydrogen energy market has been established.
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