Abstract
In this study, we report the simulation of the ozone disinfection of drinking water in the presence of ibuprofen, its oxidative degradation products, and the acute toxicity analysis by luminescent bacteria bioassay. The results showed that the ibuprofen oxidation followed first-order kinetics. The ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass (UPLC/Q-TOF-MS) analysis showed that the major oxidation products of ibuprofen were as follows: (i) 4-ethylbenzaldehyde, (ii) 2-[4-(1,2-dihydroxypropyl)-2-hydroxy carboxylic acid, (iii) 1-(4-ethylphenyl)-2-methylpropanol, (iv) 1-(4-ethylphenyl)-2-methylpropanone, (v) 2-[4-(1-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)phenyl]isobutyl propionate, and (vi) 4-ethylbutyl benzene. A reaction mechanism for the ibuprofen oxidation was proposed based on the oxidative degradation products. The photobacterium phosphoreum toxicity tests showed that the toxicity of the ibuprofen oxidation products is higher than ibuprofen. Thus, the ozone-oxidation products of ibuprofen generate a higher risk of acute toxicity.
Highlights
In recent years, the wide use of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) has significantly increased the PPCP pollution in drinking water [1,2]
The ibuprofen oxidation was consistent with the following kinetic equation: Ln (C/C0)=-0.0115t-0.00978, R =0.9951
The simulation of the ozone disinfection of drinking water showed that ibuprofen ozonation followed a quasi-kinetic equation
Summary
The wide use of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) has significantly increased the PPCP pollution in drinking water [1,2]. A new generation nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug [7], is widely used for low toxicity, high efficacy, and less side effects than aspirin and paracetamol [8,9]. It enters aquatic ecosystem through a variety of ways, affecting human health [10,11,12], and has been detected in drinking water [13,14,15,16]. Ozone generates strong oxidizing hydroxyl radicals to kill harmful bacteria in water and oxidatively degrade the organic pollutants into small molecules. Ozone oxidation treatment is being used for antibiotics, hormones, and other pollutants [19,20]
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