Abstract
BackgroundFish meat and its products are usually accepted as good source of biological high value food components and especially for polyunsaturated fatty acids. The quality of fish meat products is considered to be decreased by the lipid peroxidation which leads to reduction in nutritional quality, financial loss and severe health problems. Many tactics are present to reserve their quality and safety. In the present investigation, the extraction and supplementation of optimal total polyphenol extracts (TPC) from vegetable and fruit by−products was explored for lipids oxidative stability and sensoric acceptability of functional fish product samples.MethodsVegetable and fruit by−products (cabbage leaves and banana peels) were collected from local fruits and vegetables processing industries. A 3−level five factor Box−Behnken design was used to study the effect of extraction/sonication temperature (°C), amplitude level, water/meal ratio, extraction/sonication time (minutes) and pH conditions for maximum yield of TPC from dried vegetable and fruit samples. The TPC samples were analyzed for chemical composition (total polyphenols, cyanogenic contents and tannins). Natural TPC extracts were supplemented at different concentration (0.5, 1 and 1.5%) to fish meat for preparation of different meat ball samples. The fish meat product samples without supplementation of TPC extract were kept as control. The partial/parfrying of the products was carried out to determine the lipid stability (peroxide value and free fatty acids) stored at refrigerator (for 9 days) and at − 18 °C in a freezer for a storage period of 60−days. The sensoric analysis (color, flavor and overall acceptability) was performed at different storage intervals for experimental treatments.ResultsThe percent values of TPC yield from cabbage leave and banana peel samples ranged from a from minimum value of 9.8 ± 0.12% to a maximum value of 19.8 ± 0.15% for cabbage leaves and minimum value of 15.55 ± 0.13% to a maximum value of 24.4 ± 0.17% for banana peels, respectively. The results revealed that extraction conditions significantly affect the TPC yield from cabbage leaves and banana peels. The cabbage leaves and banana peels contain up to 4.8% total phenolics, cyanogenic compounds (1.44 − 1.47 ± 0.14) and tannins (6.55–7.90 ± 0.22). Peroxide values (meqO2 /kg) of meat balls treated with TPC extracts at 4 °C were in the range of 1.31 ± 0.12 to 3.10 ± 0.20 while at − 18 °C ranged was found 1.31 ± 0.12 to 1.55 ± 0.17, respectively. Peroxide values of all the treatments increased at the end of second interval then decreased at the end of last storage interval. Peroxide values of all treatments were higher and significantly different at the beginning and the end of the storage period (p < 0.05). In a similar way, free fatty acids and moisture content values trend was recorded for all experimental treatments. Sensory scores of fish product samples for color, flavor and overall acceptability showed a significant difference in sensory scores at refrigeration temperatures where sensory scores of fish product samples decreased significantly (p < 0.05) throughout refrigeration storage. Whereas, the sensory scores at the − 18 °C shows the good sensory characteristics, relatively.ConclusionsPhenolic extracts containing antioxidant status can interact with free lipidperoxy or lipidoxy free radicals (formed in result of lipid oxidation) and hence stopping their further self−breakdown. Plant−based phenolic extracts can be used to decrease oxidation process and increase the shelf life of fish meat products. Additional studies should be undertaken to determine the maximal shelf life of food products supplemented with different plant−based polyphenol extracts and treatment of nutritional disorders through their absorption, metabolism and distribution pattern into biological tissues.
Highlights
Fish meat and its products are usually accepted as good source of biological high value food components and especially for polyunsaturated fatty acids
The results revealed that extraction conditions significantly affect the total polyphenol extracts (TPC) yield from cabbage leaves and banana peels
Peroxide values of meat balls treated with TPC extracts at 4 °C were in the range of 1.31 ± 0.12 to 3.10 ± 0.20 while at − 18 °C ranged was found 1.31 ± 0.12 to 1.55 ± 0.17, respectively
Summary
Fish meat and its products are usually accepted as good source of biological high value food components and especially for polyunsaturated fatty acids. The most instances oxidation is lipid oxidation and it is a free radical chain reaction which can be termed as initiation, propagation, and termination processes [3] It is a primary mechanism which deteriorates the quality such as development of off−flavor, rancidity, degradation in texture, changing of color in meat and its products during storage, which renders them and made meat unfit for human consumption. These reactions take meat towards loss of nutritive value and eventually declining consumer confidence in the product. Intake of such food products which contain lipid constituents which are oxidized can modify proteins, DNA, tumor initiation and membrane structure in biological system [4, 5]
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