Abstract
This study investigates the ownership concentration comprises managerial ownership, director ownership, and institutional ownership between Conventional and Shariah mutual fund (SMF) toward enhancing fund performance by employing the traditional method of considering a non-linear causal relationship. Overall, the results support the notion of a non-linear relation between managerial ownership and fund performance. Although the ownership by managers is more concentrated and significantly different in SMF, the positive relation is more pronounced in conventional fund. More importantly, the relation remains strong non-linear significantly and jointly determined by fund performance in a two-way relationship when endogeneity, simultaneity, and heterogeneity unobserved issues are considered. The study also finds that institutional ownership with conflicting interest in mutual fund signals negative effect on fund performance. The findings suggest that ownership by managers plays an effective role of agency control and value-enhancing at certain depth of concentration to align the interest between managers and shareholders.
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