Oviposition stimulants for the monarch butterfly: Flavonol glycosides from Asclepias curassavica

Abstract

The monarch butterfly Danaus plexippus oviposits on milkweed plants, primarily within the Asclepiadaceae. Oviposition stimulants responsible for host plant recognition were isolated from Asclepias curassavica. Six flavonoid glycosides-quercetin 3-O-(2″,6″-α- l-dirhamnopyranosyl )-β- d-galactopyranoside , quercetin 3-O-β- d-glucopyranosyl -(1 → 6)-β- d-galactopyranoside , quercetin 3-O-(2″-O-α- l-rhamnopyranosyl )-β- d-galactopyranoside , quercetin 3-O-α- l-rhamnopyranosyl -(1 → 6-β- d-glucopyranoside , quercetin 3-O-β- d-galactopyranoside , quercetin 3-O-β- d-glucopyranoside , and an unidentified flavonoid mixture were isolated and characterized from this plant. An additional glycoside, possibly quercetin 3-O-(2″,6″-α- l-dirhamnopyranosyl )-β- d-glucopyranoside , which could not be separated from the first triglycoside, was also found in some batches of plant extract. The two dirhamnosyl glycosides, the glucosylgalactose and the rutinoside were found to be active as oviposition stimulants at 0.5 g leaf equivalents.