Abstract
Simple SummaryNF-κB signaling has been widely studied for its role in inflammatory and immunity-related diseases. Mastitis is considered one of the inflammatory and immunity associated diseases which are a serious threat to the global dairy industry. Having such a critical role in immunity and inflammation, NF-κB signaling is currently under target for therapeutic purposes in mastitis control research. The virulent factor, lipopolysaccharides (LPS), of bacteria after attachment with relevant Toll-like receptors (TLRs) on mammary epithelial cells starts its pathogenesis by using NF-κB signaling to cause mastitis. Several studies have proved that the blocking of NF-κB signaling could be a useful strategy for mastitis control.Mastitis is the inflammation of the mammary gland. Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus are the most common bacteria responsible for mastitis. When mammary epithelial cells are infected by microorganisms, this activates an inflammatory response. The bacterial infection is recognized by innate pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in the mammary epithelial cells, with the help of Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Upon activation by lipopolysaccharides, a virulent agent of bacteria, the TLRs further trigger nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling to accelerate its pathogenesis. The NF-κB has an essential role in many biological processes, such as cell survival, immune response, inflammation and development. Therefore, the NF-κB signaling triggered by the TLRs then regulates the transcriptional expression of specific inflammatory mediators to initiate inflammation of the mammary epithelial cells. Thus, any aberrant regulation of NF-κB signaling may lead to many inflammatory diseases, including mastitis. Hence, the inhibiting of NF-κB signaling has potential therapeutic applications in mastitis control strategies. In this review, we highlighted the regulation and function of NF-κB signaling in mastitis. Furthermore, the role of NF-κB signaling for therapeutic purposes in mastitis control has been explored in the current review.
Highlights
Mastitis is the inflammation of the mammary gland, which is associated with pathological changes in udder tissue and decreases in the quantity and quality of milk [1,2]
The current review, based on published studies, revealed that activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) resulted in decreased of milk and apoptotic signaling, which could be minimized through selective modulation of NF-κB signals
The review suggested that NF-κB is a vital regulator of milk loss during mammary gland involution and infection, and recognized the NF-κB signaling pathway as a possible target for preventing mastitis-induced milk loss in dairy cattle
Summary
Mastitis is the inflammation of the mammary gland, which is associated with pathological changes in udder tissue and decreases in the quantity and quality of milk [1,2]. Udder swelling, reduced milk yield, clots and increase somatic cell counts in milk are the most common clinical signs of mastitis [5] All these factors are associated with pathogenic invasion, which is followed by the involvement of neutrophils under a specific stimulus. Every pathogen uses specific receptors on host cells—for example, S. aureus uses TLR2 and TLR6 [23], while E. coli utilizes TLR2 and TLR4—to transmit their signals inside the cell [21]. This specificity to TLRs depends on the virulent factor of pathogens. Keeping in view the versatile functions of NF-κB signaling, the current review has concentrated on summarizing possible research development on the role of NF-κB signaling activation and regulation of immunity and inflammation in bovine mastitis
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