Abstract
ABSTRACT We set out to demonstrate the development of a highly conductive polymer based on poly-(3,4-ethylenedithia thiophene) (PEDTT), PEDOTs structural analogue historically notorious for structural disorder and limited conductivities. The caveat therein was previously described to lie in intra-molecular repulsions. We demonstrate how a tremendous >2600-fold improvement in conductivity and metallic features, such as magnetoconductivity can be achieved. This is achieved through a careful choice of the counter-ion (sulphate) and the use of oxidative chemical vapour deposition (oCVD). It is shown that high structural order on the molecular level was established and the formation of crystallites tens of nanometres in size was achieved. We infer that the sulphate ions therein intercalate between the polymer chains, thus forming densely packed crystals of planar molecules with extended π-systems. Consequently, room-temperature conductivities of above 1000 S cm−1 are achieved, challenging those of conventional PEDOT:PSS. The material is in the critical regime of the metal–insulator transition.
Highlights
The rising importance of conductive polymers is beyond discussion: solar applications [1,2,3,4], bioin tegration [5], pressure sensors [6], and actuators [7], as well as thermoelectric applications [8] and batteries [9] were demonstrated
The peak at 284.4 eV (70.1 at.%) is ascribed to the carbon in the conjugated part [50], while the less intense peak (29.9 at.%) at the higher binding energy side is annotated to the non-conjugated protection group, which is similar to the C-C-S contribution presented in the XPSdatabase by G
Con ductivity, and the findings reported by Massonnet et al on sulphuric acid doped PEDOT, we believe that the doping species is HSO4− [52]
Summary
The rising importance of conductive polymers is beyond discussion: (lightweight) solar applications [1,2,3,4], bioin tegration [5], pressure sensors [6], and actuators [7], as well as thermoelectric applications [8] and batteries [9] were demonstrated. We demonstrate the development of a highly conductive poly-(3,4-ethylenedithia thio phene) (PEDTT; Figure 1) based material with tem perature-independent transport at low temperatures. These structural thin-film properties could be observed in charge-carrier transport measurements in the temperature range between 2 or 3.6 and 300
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