Outside-In as a Domestic Strategy: Rethinking Architectural Programming in the Coastal Area (Case Study: Bedono, Morosari, Central Java-Indonesia)

New York City Panel on Climate Change 2019 Report Chapter 5: Mapping Climate Risk

Spatial memory is impaired among persons with schizophrenia (SCZ). However, different strategies may be used to solve most spatial memory and navigation tasks. This study investigated the hypothesis that participants with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders (SSD) would demonstrate differential impairment during acquisition and retrieval of target locations when using a hippocampal-dependent spatial strategy, but not a response strategy, which is more associated with caudate function. Healthy control (CON) and SSD participants were tested using the 4-on-8 virtual maze (4/8VM), a virtual navigation task designed to differentiate between participants' use of spatial and response strategies. Consistent with our predictions, SSD participants demonstrated a differential deficit such that those who navigated using a spatial strategy made more errors and took longer to locate targets. In contrast, SSD participants who spontaneously used a response strategy performed as well as CON participants. The differential pattern of spatial-memory impairment in SSD provides only indirect support for underlying hippocampal dysfunction. These findings emphasize the importance of considering individual strategies when investigating SSD-related memory and navigation performance. Future cognitive intervention protocols may harness SSD participants' intact ability to navigate using a response strategy and/or train the deficient ability to navigate using a spatial strategy to improve navigation and memory abilities in participants with SSD.

<p>The neuroimaging literature has shown consistent decreases in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) activity in the hippocampus of healthy older adults engaged in a navigation task. However, navigation in a virtual maze relies on spatial or response strategies known to depend on the hippocampus and caudate nucleus, respectively. Therefore, since the proportion of people using spatial strategies decreases with normal aging, we hypothesized that it was responsible for the observed decreases in fMRI activity in the hippocampus reported in the literature. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of aging on the hippocampus and caudate nucleus during navigation while taking into account individual navigational strategies. Young (N = 23) and older adults (N = 29) were tested using fMRI on the Concurrent Spatial Discrimination Learning Task, a radial task that dissociates between spatial and response strategies (in Stage 2) after participants reached criteria (in Stage 1). Success on Stage 2 requires that participants have encoded the spatial relationship between the target object and environmental landmarks, that is, the spatial strategy. While older adults required more trials, all participants reached criterion. fMRI results showed that, as a group, young adults had significant activity in the hippocampus as opposed to older adults who instead had significant activity in the caudate nucleus. Importantly, individual differences showed that the older participants who used a spatial strategy to solve the task had significant activity in the hippocampus. These findings suggest that the aging process involves a shift from using the hippocampus toward the caudate nucleus during navigation but that activity in the hippocampus is sustained in a subset of healthy older adults engaged in spatial strategies.</p>

The neuroimaging literature has shown consistent decreases in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) activity in the hippocampus of healthy older adults engaged in a navigation task. However, navigation in a virtual maze relies on spatial or response strategies known to depend on the hippocampus and caudate nucleus, respectively. Therefore, since the proportion of people using spatial strategies decreases with normal aging, we hypothesized that it was responsible for the observed decreases in fMRI activity in the hippocampus reported in the literature. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of aging on the hippocampus and caudate nucleus during navigation while taking into account individual navigational strategies. Young (N = 23) and older adults (N = 29) were tested using fMRI on the Concurrent Spatial Discrimination Learning Task, a radial task that dissociates between spatial and response strategies (in Stage 2) after participants reached criteria (in Stage 1). Success on Stage 2 requires that participants have encoded the spatial relationship between the target object and environmental landmarks, that is, the spatial strategy. While older adults required more trials, all participants reached criterion. fMRI results showed that, as a group, young adults had significant activity in the hippocampus as opposed to older adults who instead had significant activity in the caudate nucleus. Importantly, individual differences showed that the older participants who used a spatial strategy to solve the task had significant activity in the hippocampus. These findings suggest that the aging process involves a shift from using the hippocampus toward the caudate nucleus during navigation but that activity in the hippocampus is sustained in a subset of healthy older adults engaged in spatial strategies.

<p>The neuroimaging literature has shown consistent decreases in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) activity in the hippocampus of healthy older adults engaged in a navigation task. However, navigation in a virtual maze relies on spatial or response strategies known to depend on the hippocampus and caudate nucleus, respectively. Therefore, since the proportion of people using spatial strategies decreases with normal aging, we hypothesized that it was responsible for the observed decreases in fMRI activity in the hippocampus reported in the literature. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of aging on the hippocampus and caudate nucleus during navigation while taking into account individual navigational strategies. Young (N = 23) and older adults (N = 29) were tested using fMRI on the Concurrent Spatial Discrimination Learning Task, a radial task that dissociates between spatial and response strategies (in Stage 2) after participants reached criteria (in Stage 1). Success on Stage 2 requires that participants have encoded the spatial relationship between the target object and environmental landmarks, that is, the spatial strategy. While older adults required more trials, all participants reached criterion. fMRI results showed that, as a group, young adults had significant activity in the hippocampus as opposed to older adults who instead had significant activity in the caudate nucleus. Importantly, individual differences showed that the older participants who used a spatial strategy to solve the task had significant activity in the hippocampus. These findings suggest that the aging process involves a shift from using the hippocampus toward the caudate nucleus during navigation but that activity in the hippocampus is sustained in a subset of healthy older adults engaged in spatial strategies.</p>

. Dynamic environment in coastal area, especially due to coastal erosion process, has negative impact on human environment. Sayung coastal area, located in Central Java-Indonesia, has experienced severe impact of coastal erosion. As the result of the coastal erosion, hundreds of settlement located in coastal area has been destructed. Moreover, fishponds as the land use dominated in the coastal area also has been severely destroyed. Besides the coastal erosion, increasing of inundated area due to sea level rise also threaten the local community. Although devastating impact suffering the coastal area, the people of Tambaksari, as the part of Sayung area, decided to live and adapt with the coastal erosion. This paper aims to identify the coastal erosion and understand adaptation strategies held by the local community related to reduce the impact of the coastal erosion. Based on this research, various adaptation strategies has been identified, namely (1) Planting mangrove alongside the shoreline, (2) elevating the ground level, (3) building staged house, (4) utilizing deep well for freshwater supply, (5), maintaining social interaction with mainland community, (6) Collecting fish from the mangrove as the food, and (7) changing work into the tourism sector.

In the last several decades we have been realized for the Global Climate Change situation. Some indicators are worldwide increasing temperature, decreasing volume of ice in Antarctica, and the sea level rise. Relating to the decreased of ice volume and the sea level rise, this situation has been predicted to endanger the living at the coastal area in the future. Prediction models have shown some coastal cities area would suffer flood by tidal inundation and even permanent flooding. Coincidently, today in the North West of Demak District Central Java Indonesia we literally can see the early picture of Global Climate Change impact to the coastal areas as mention. The occurrence of tidal inundation in this area was recognized at least in the early 2000 and even earlier, and in the recent years the tidal inundation comes not only at a high tide but even at the regular tide, and in fact some of this area are obviously sinking to the sea through times. This early picture is truly showing a disaster. Adaptation has been made in facing the disaster such as increasing the house and infrastructures, and built dyke.We have been done some investigations to this area by field observations (mapping the flooded area, interviewing people and seeing the adaptations, conduct GPS measurement to see deformation, etc.), gather information from digital media and also using remotely time series of high resolution satellite image data to mapping the tidal inundation in this area. We noted people increased their house and the local goverment elevated the road and the bridge, etc. regulary over less decade periode. Our conclusions said that the adaptation only made temporaly since the sea level keep rising worsening by the land subsidence significantly.

Modulation of spatial and response strategies by phase of the menstrual cycle in women tested in a virtual navigation task

Rural coastal areas in northern Central Java suffer from tidal flood caused by sea level rise and land subsidence. People not only lose their properties as tidal flood submerges houses and lands but many of their livelihoods become unsustainable. To understand the extent of tidal flood impact to livelihood of rural coastal communities and their livelihoods, this paper aims to measure the level of rural livelihood resilience through multiple dimensional analysis. Drawing from various sources including livelihood resilience index (LRI) and resilience radar, the four dimensions that consist of social, economic, environment, and physical-infrastructure are adapted to express the level of livelihood resilience in the study area. The results indicate the tidal flood severity of two study areas caused different composition of contributing dimensions to livelihood resilience even though the score values showing insignificant gap. The findings also acknowledged that environment dimension is an important factor for building livelihood resilience for coastal community regardless of the disaster exposure. It comes as effect of coastal community inclination to depend their livelihood on the land resource and its supporting ecosystem.

The melting of polar ice caps due to climate change has resulted in sea level rise that threatens coastal areas, such as the Demak Regency. The impact of tidal flooding is, exacerbated by land subsidence. This study aimed to map and predict the distribution of tidal flooding in coastal Demak and its impact on land use. The methods used included Differential Interferometry Synthetic Aperture Radar (DInSAR) for Land Subsidence (LS), supervised classification for land use, admiralty for tides, data visualization for elevation, linear regression analysis for SLR, meteorological data analysis for wind and rainfall, and spatial analysis for tidal flood inundation mapping. The results showed an LS rate of 2,74 cm/year, highest tide height of 61,93 cm, average elevation of 1,893 m above sea level, SLR rate of 0,435 cm/year, wind speed of 0,5-5,7 m/s blowing from the northwest, and average daily rainfall of 7,476 mm. The tidal flood inundation area in 2023 reached 8.954,6 hectares and is predicted to reach 11.394,5 hectares in 2031. Tidal flooding affects mangroves (523,6 hectares), ponds (3.857,9 hectares), settlements (1.095,4 hectares), industries (3.453,00 hectares), and rice fields (24,7 hectares).

Sex differences in spatial navigation tasks are often reported. The use of different strategies is being discussed as the main cause of these differences. Among evolutionary and psychosocial factors there are also biological factors such as sex hormones being considered as potentially exerting an influence either on performance or on strategy use. A problematic aspect in most of the previous studies is the variation of given descriptions and conceptualizations of these strategies. Navigation strategies are rarely deduced explicitly from theory or are not empirically established. Commonly, they are investigated via self-ratings or subjective descriptions. To explore sex differences and the influence of sex hormones on strategy preferences it was therefore necessary to analyze and evaluate previous concepts of navigation strategies. An operationalization of the strategies via questionnaires appeared to be insufficient; instead an experimental approach was preferred. In addition, the mapping of neuronal activation patterns during the course of navigation tasks and in relation to the navigation strategy used, was meant to provide further information about underlying cognitive processes. Therefore, the aim of this study was a differentiation of navigation strategies via behavioral, fMRI and questionnaire data. The reported work can thus be seen as a precondition for a more in-depth examination of sex differences in strategy use and further influencing factors like sex hormones. For this purpose two navigation strategies were differentiated in a virtual maze. These two strategies were dubbed internal and external strategy and are normally described as egocentric and allocentric or spatial and non-spatial strategy. Commonly they are called place or response strategy. In contrast to previous findings, in the present studies I found that the so called egocentric, and non-spatial, internal or response strategy fulfills the criterion of an allocentric, and spatial strategy and the so called allocentric, and spatial, external or place strategy fulfills the criterion of an allocentric, and spatial strategy. An accurate assessment of these findings shows that both strategies (internal vs. external) have no correlation with an underlying spatial reference frame like the egocentric and allocentric, apparently contradicting former studies. Furthermore, the convention to regard the external strategy as a spatial strategy and the internal strategy as a non-spatial strategy has to be reconsidered. The results point towards the contrary: the external strategy seems to be of a rather non-spatial nature and vice versa. In the light of these compelling results, former attempts at strategy classification have to be reassessed and appear to be insufficient, oversimplifying, and even partly incorrect. A satisfying interpretation of sex differences in strategy use is therefore difficult to achieve, especially as no noticeable sex differences could be discovered in the behavioral data set. Sex differences could however be found in the neuronal activation patterns, which indicates sex differences in the cognitive processing during navigation. Additionally, the use of an external strategy was positively correlated with the progesterone level in spontaneously cycling women. Also, sex hormones were found to be modulating neuronal activation in brain areas which are important for navigation. Altogether, on the basis of the empirical data obtained in our studies, it can be reasoned that sex differences in strategy choice had formerly been described using insufficient concepts. The two strategies of the present studies appear to be valid concepts which show different neuronal activation patterns and evoke different answers in strategy questionnaires. Yet, they do not represent the whole complexity of navigation strategies. Specifically, they do not suffice to satisfactorily explain sex differences. Future investigations should therefore expatiate on navigation strategies and should refrain from simply importing prior concepts.

Coastal abrasion has been occurred throughout coastline of Java reaching 745 km at length, account for 44% of total Java’s coastline. This phenomena is caused by reclamation, cutting of mangrove, land-use change and other human activities specifically at coastal area. Coastal abrasion stimulates flood or tidal flood, when sea level rise, the sea water flows to the land undated fish pond, settlement and other infrastructures standing at coastal area. Tidal flood destroys settlement lead to significant decrease of property value: land and house. Coastal abrasion caused lose people’s job and income. One measure taken by local community is mangrove cultivation intended to prevent sea level rise flowing to the inland. However many efforts taken by community frequently fail because of un-integrated approach. This paper reviews a mangrove plantations in Mangunharjo, district of Tugu, Semarang, Central Java by utilizing an innovative approach integrating environmental, economic and social aspect. These mangrove cultivations environmentally useful to prevent coastal abrasion, economically creating income for local people and socially supported by local community. These three approaches ensure sustainability of mangrove’s culture.

Mean sea level has risen tenfold in recent decades compared to the most recent millennia, posing a serious threat for population and assets in flood‐prone coastal zones over the next century. An increase in the frequency of nuisance (minor) flooding has also been reported due to the reduced gap between high tidal datums and flood stage, and the rate of sea level rise (SLR) is expected to increase based on current trajectories of anthropogenic activities and greenhouse gases emissions. Nuisance flooding (NF), however nondestructive, causes public inconvenience, business interruption, and substantial economic losses due to impacts such as road closures and degradation of infrastructure. It also portends an increased risk in severe floods. Here we report substantial increases in NF along the coasts of United States due to SLR over the past decades. We then take projected near‐term (2030) and midterm (2050) SLR under two representative concentration pathways (RCPs), 2.6 and 8.5, to estimate the increase in NF. The results suggest that on average, ‐ 80 ± 10% local SLR causes the median of the NF distribution to increase by 55 ± 35% in 2050 under RCP8.5. The projected increase in NF will have significant socio‐economic impacts and pose public health risks in coastal regions.

Every year, millions of migratory shorebirds fly through the East Asian-Australasian Flyway between their arctic breeding grounds and Australasia. This flyway includes numerous coastal wetlands in Asia and the Pacific that are used as stopover sites where birds rest and feed. Loss of a few important stopover sites through sea-level rise (SLR) could cause sudden population declines. We formulated and solved mathematically the problem of how to identify the most important stopover sites to minimize losses of bird populations across flyways by conserving land that facilitates upshore shifts of tidal flats in response to SLR. To guide conservation investment that minimizes losses of migratory bird populations during migration, we developed a spatially explicit flyway model coupled with a maximum flow algorithm. Migratory routes of 10 shorebird taxa were modeled in a graph theoretic framework by representing clusters of important wetlands as nodes and the number of birds flying between 2 nodes as edges. We also evaluated several resource allocation algorithms that required only partial information on flyway connectivity (node strategy, based on the impacts of SLR at nodes; habitat strategy, based on habitat change at sites; population strategy, based on population change at sites; and random investment). The resource allocation algorithms based on flyway information performed on average 15% better than simpler allocations based on patterns of habitat loss or local bird counts. The Yellow Sea region stood out as the most important priority for effective conservation of migratory shorebirds, but investment in this area alone will not ensure the persistence of species across the flyway. The spatial distribution of conservation investments differed enormously according to the severity of SLR and whether information about flyway connectivity was used to guide the prioritizations. With the rapid ongoing loss of coastal wetlands globally, our method provides insight into efficient conservation planning for migratory species.

Neurobiological changes that occur with aging include a reduction in function and volume of the hippocampus. These changes were associated with corresponding memory deficits in navigation tasks. However, navigation can involve different strategies that are dependent on the hippocampus and caudate nucleus. The proportion of people using hippocampus-dependent spatial strategies decreases across the lifespan. As such, the decrease in spatial strategies, and corresponding increase in caudate nucleus-dependent response strategies with age, may play a role in the observed neurobiological changes in the hippocampus. Furthermore, we previously showed a negative correlation between grey matter in the hippocampus and caudate nucleus/striatum in mice, young adults, and in individuals diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. As such, we hypothesized that this negative relationship between the two structures would be present during normal aging. The aim of the current study was to investigate this gap in the literature by studying the relationship between grey matter in the hippocampus and caudate nucleus of the striatum, in relation to each other and to navigation strategies, during healthy aging. Healthy older adults (N = 39) were tested on the Concurrent Spatial Discrimination Learning Task (CSDLT), a virtual radial task that dissociates between spatial and response strategies. A regression of strategies against structural MRIs showed for the first time in older adults that the response strategy was associated with higher amounts of grey matter in the caudate nucleus. As expected, the spatial strategy correlated with grey matter in the hippocampus, which was negatively correlated with grey matter in the caudate nucleus. Interestingly, a sex difference emerged showing that among older adult response learners, women have the least amount of grey matter in the hippocampus, which is a known risk for Alzheimer's disease. This difference was absent among spatial learners. These results are discussed in the context of the putative protective role of spatial memory against grey matter loss in the hippocampus, especially in women.