Abstract
A wide variety of pollutants are discharged into water bodies like lakes, rivers, canal, etc. due to the growing world population, industrial development, depletion of water resources, improper disposal of agricultural and native wastes. Water pollution is becoming a severe problem for the whole world from small villages to big cities. The toxic metals and organic dyes pollutants are considered as significant contaminants that cause severe hazards to human beings and aquatic life. The microbial fuel cell (MFC) is the most promising, eco-friendly, and emerging technique. In this technique, microorganisms play an important role in bioremediation of water pollutants simultaneously generating an electric current. In this review, a new approach based on microbial fuel cells for bioremediation of organic dyes and toxic metals has been summarized. This technique offers an alternative with great potential in the field of wastewater treatment. Finally, their applications are discussed to explore the research gaps for future research direction. From a literature survey of more than 170 recent papers, it is evident that MFCs have demonstrated outstanding removal capabilities for various pollutants.
Highlights
Due to industrial expansion and unplanned urbanization, water pollution is proliferating through the toxic discharge of organic and inorganic materials that cause hazards to human beings and other living organisms
The inoculum sources were based on aerobic sludge and treated by using porous-based carbon paper as electrode to generate a flow of electrons through microbes in double chamber microbial fuel cell (MFC) and showed the removal efficiency 90% with 213.93 mW/m2 energy output
These findings proved that ability of up-flow membrane-less SMFC in azo dye-based wastewater is quite good, i.e., around
Summary
Due to industrial expansion and unplanned urbanization, water pollution is proliferating through the toxic discharge of organic and inorganic materials that cause hazards to human beings and other living organisms. Various treatment methods such as adsorption, ozonation, ion-exchange, electrolytic reduction, electrochemical degradation, monitoring natural recovery, coagulation, in situ and ex situ treatment, thermal treatment, chemical precipitation, and in-situ confinement have been reported for the removal of toxic metal and organic dye pollutants from wastewater [24] These techniques are effective and give better results but have some drawbacks such as the high energy required, high operation cost, high consumption of chemicals, and heavy waste products released. The scientific community introduced an innovative technique, called microbial fuel cells (MFCs) for the degradation of toxic metals and organic dye pollutants from wastewater. The scope of MFCs in wastewater treatment, especially in the removal of toxic metal and different dye pollutants along with general mechanisms of substrate oxidation at the anode, were discussed.
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