Abstract
The Caldeiras da Ribeira Grande (CRG) site is characterised by low-temperature fumaroles, boiling mud-pools and gas ground-emissions, some of them artificially confined to a tank. Cooling and oxidation of deep hydrothermal fluids under boiling control the formation of acid condensates and strong hydrothermal alteration of the hosting volcanic rocks. The latter feature is locally reinforced at shallow levels through flow of mixtures of acid condensates with surface and shallow groundwater triggering the development of thick clay deposits used in mud-therapy purposes at an old Thermal Bath facility. The emerging aqueous fluids are acidic (pH 3; and (3) rain, runoff, and subsurface water contributions must be balanced to confine the pH of thermal fluids between 3 and 5. Any change in conditions of geothermal fluid boiling at depth or in environmental and hydrological characteristics of the site can cause significant changes in leaching processes and sediment formation.
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