Organization of the starchy endosperm of durum wheat grains of varieties of Saratov selection

It is known that two varieties of wheat are grown in Uzbekistan. Common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and durum wheat (Triticum durum L.) are cultivated in the main part of wheat fields. Durum wheat varieties included in the State Register in Uzbekistan are mainly spring and duvarak. Considering this feature and the high quality of the grain, the purchase price is 30-50% more expensive than that of common wheat, they fully meet the needs of the ever-growing macaroni-confectionery industry. Durum wheat grain is the main raw material used in the preparation of pasta and pasta products, as well as in the confectionery industry. In this case, high technological quality of durum wheat grain is required. In the next two years, the purchase price of durum and common wheat grain in the world increased significantly. Therefore, expansion of durum wheat cultivation areas in different soil and climate conditions, improvement of agrotechnology of care, obtaining high and quality grain harvest are urgent issues.

The effect of different rates of nitrogen (N) fertiliser application on cadmium (Cd) concentrations in the grain of two durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L.) cultivars was investigated at three different field trial sites in Canterbury, New Zealand. The mean Cd concentration in this study was 66 μg kg−1 fresh weight (FW), which is 30% below the maximum level (ML). Uptake of Cd was higher in ‘CRDW17’ compared with ‘Waitohi’ at all three sites. Also increasing amounts of calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) fertiliser increased the Cd concentration in durum wheat grain at all three sites. Wheat grain Cd concentrations were not found to be related to any measured soil properties. Grain Cd concentrations were in most instances positively correlated with total biological yield (TBY). This response may be the result of the combined effects of fertiliser salts on ionic composition of the soil solution, and increased root interception and enhanced mass flow of Cd related to increased TBYs. The evidence suggests that it is TBY rather than grain yield that is more important with regards to Cd uptake in durum wheat.

\beta-glucan is a non-starchy, water-soluble polysaccharide component of wheat grain that positively affects grain nutrient quality. High \beta-glucan content in wheat grain also has a cholesterol-lowering effect in humans. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of nitrogen and irrigation on durum wheat grain \beta-glucan content. Correlations between durum wheat grain \beta-glucan content, and grain yield and some quality characteristics were examined. Kunduru 1149, Kızıltan 91, and Çakmak 79 durum wheat cultivars were used as material, and 0-, 75-, and 150-mm irrigation levels with 0, 40, 80, and 120 kg ha^{-1} nitrogen rates were applied. Higher nitrogen levels generally increased durum wheat grain \beta-glucan content in both years of the study and the N3 nitrogen level had the greatest effect on the \beta-glucan content in durum wheat. Higher irrigation levels negatively affected the \beta-glucan content in the wheat grain. Non-irrigated treatments generally yielded the highest \beta-glucan content in both years of the study. The response of grain \beta-glucan content according to cultivar was significant and C_1 had the best grain \beta-glucan content of all the cultivars. Correlations between grain \beta-glucan content, and grain yield, protein content, 1000-grain weight, test weight, seed vitreousness, and the SDS sedimentation were significant. With the exception of protein content in 2005, strong positive correlations were observed between \beta-glucan content, and grain yield and quality characteristics. These results indicate that higher irrigation levels negatively affected grain \beta-glucan content in durum wheat, whereas higher nitrogen rates positively affected grain \beta-glucan content. Moreover, the effect of cultivar characteristics on the β-glucan content in durum wheat grain was statistically significant.

BackgroundCadmium (Cd) concentrations in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var durum) grain grown in North American prairie soils often exceed proposed international trade standards. To understand the physiological processes responsible for elevated Cd accumulation in shoots and grain, Cd uptake and translocation were studied in seedlings of a pair of near-isogenic durum wheat lines, high and low for Cd accumulation in grain.ResultsIn short-term studies (<3 h) using 109Cd-labelled nutrient solutions, there were no differences between lines in time- or concentration-dependent 109Cd accumulation by roots. In contrast, rates of 109Cd translocation from roots to shoots following longer exposure (48–60 h) were 1.8-fold higher in the high Cd-accumulating line, despite equal whole-plant 109Cd accumulation in the lines. Over the same period, the 109Cd concentration in root-pressure xylem exudates was 1.7 to 1.9-fold higher in the high Cd-accumulating line. There were no differences between the lines in 65Zn accumulation or partitioning that could account for the difference between lines in 109Cd translocation.ConclusionThese results suggest that restricted root-to-shoot Cd translocation may limit Cd accumulation in durum wheat grain by directly controlling Cd translocation from roots during grain filling, or by controlling the size of shoot Cd pools that can be remobilised to the grain.

High Cd content in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var durum) grain grown in the United States and Canada presents potential health and economic problems for consumers and growers. In an effort to understand the biological processes that result in excess Cd accumulation, root Cd uptake and xylem translocation to shoots in seedlings of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and durum wheat cultivars were studied. Whole-plant Cd accumulation was somewhat greater in the bread wheat cultivar, but this was probably because of increased apoplastic Cd binding. Concentration-dependent 109Cd2+-influx kinetics in both cultivars were characterized by smooth, nonsaturating curves that could be dissected into linear and saturable components. The saturable component likely represented carrier-mediated Cd influx across root-cell plasma membranes (Michaelis constant, 20-40 nm; maximum initial velocity, 26-29 nmol g-1 fresh weight h-1), whereas linear Cd uptake represented cell wall binding of 109Cd. Cd translocation to shoots was greater in the bread wheat cultivar than in the durum cultivar because a larger proportion of root-absorbed Cd moved to shoots. Our results indicate that excess Cd accumulation in durum wheat grain is not correlated with seedling-root influx rates or root-to-shoot translocation, but may be related to phloem-mediated Cd transport to the grain.

Genetic advance in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum) grain yield in Italy has been achieved by bringing forward flowering time, achieving a larger number of grains per unit area, and altering the pattern of senescence. The performance, in the absence of any moisture stress, of a set of 6 Italian durum wheat cultivars released over the past 100 years was compared under 4 environments and 2 nitrogen rates, to ascertain whether the changes brought about by selection for yield have also indirectly affected the rate and duration of grain filling. Grain filling lasted 35–36 days in all cultivars except ‘Ichnusa’ (39 days), although modern cultivars flowered earlier than older ones. The lack of any breeding effect on grain-filling duration also meant that the later old cultivars were not negatively affected by the higher ambient temperatures during their grain filling. The maximum rate of grain filling ranged from 2.4 to 3.3 mg/day and showed a highly significant negative correlation with the year of cultivar release (r = –0.91*). The variation in grain weight, significant but not correlated with the year of release, was associated with the rate of grain filling, which was in turn related to the grain number per unit area. A compensating variability still exists among modern Italian cultivars in both grain number and grain-filling rate, which demonstrates that durum wheat grain yield can be increased while also preserving high grain weights.

Regulatory limits on cadmium (Cd) content in food products are tending to become stricter, especially in cereals, which are a major contributor to dietary intake of Cd by humans. This is of particular importance for durum wheat, which accumulates more Cd than bread wheat. The contamination of durum wheat grain by Cd depends not only on the genotype but also to a large extent on soil Cd availability. Assessing the phytoavailability of Cd for durum wheat is thus crucial, and appropriate methods are required. For this purpose, we propose a statistical model to predict Cd accumulation in durum wheat grain based on soil geochemical properties related to Cd availability in French agricultural soils with low Cd contents and neutral to alkaline pH (soils commonly used to grow durum wheat). The best model is based on the concentration of total Cd in the soil solution, the pH of a soil CaCl2 extract, the cation exchange capacity (CEC), and the content of manganese oxides (Tamm's extraction) in the soil. The model variables suggest a major influence of cadmium buffering power of the soil and of Cd speciation in solution. The model successfully explains 88% of Cd variability in grains with, generally, below 0.02mg Cdkg-1 prediction error in wheat grain. Monte Carlo cross-validation indicated that model accuracy will suffice for the European Community project to reduce the regulatory limit from 0.2 to 0.15mg Cdkg-1 grain, but not for the intermediate step at 0.175mg Cdkg-1. The model will help farmers assess the risk that the Cd content of their durum wheat grain will exceed regulatory limits, and help food safety authorities test different regulatory thresholds to find a trade-off between food safety and the negative impact a too strict regulation could have on farmers.

Variability in dehydrodiferulic acid composition of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) and distribution in milling fractions

Over the last decade, more and more attention has been paid to applications of non-thermal plasma in agriculture, where it is used to decontaminate various microorganisms and to improve the seed germination. In this study, we present the results of a newly developed point-to-ring NTP transient spark discharge apparatus (NTP), plasma activated water (PAW) and their combined treatment on Durum wheat and Common wheat grains under laboratory conditions. Transient spark discharge treatment was used as direct treatment while indirect treatment of wheat grains was performed by PAW produced in point-to-plane NTP transient spark apparatus. We found that the degree of grain surface decontamination was in order NTP > PAW > combined treatment. In the case of Durum wheat grain germination, all treatments increased germination with increasing exposure times, while in the case of Common wheat, PAW treatment and combined treatment did not significantly increase the grain germination. In conclusion, plasma treatment has enormous potential for use in agriculture and its possibilities need to be fully explored.

The identification of factors that affect the decrease in the yield of hard wheat is the basis for studying plant diseases in the agrometeorological conditions of the Orenburg region. In this regard, field and laboratory studies are being conducted on common root rot (Bipolaris sorokiniana) of durum wheat. In the research work, the method of field experience was applied, the weather factors, the infestation of crops with root rot and the yield of durum wheat grain in crop rotations and during permanent cultivation in the southern black lands of the Urals were taken into account. The research was carried out for the first time from 2015 to 2020 on a long-term stationary experimental plot on crop rotations and permanent crops, laid down in 1988 on the territory of the OPH n.a. Kuibyshev. On average, during the growing season of the crop (durum wheat), 107 mm of precipitation falls at an average monthly air temperature of 20.3 oC and the number of dry days is 68. The results of the study show that the lowest prevalence and development of root rot reaches 28.6 and 10.2 % in the third variant of the experiment on a non-windy background of nutrition, the dependence on the influence of air temperature is 94.4 and 70.0 %. The highest yield of durum wheat grain was obtained in the fallow field with siderates in the average arid year of 2017 and amounts to 2.14 and 2.11 t / ha after the application of mineral fertilizers and without them. In the fourth version of the experiment, there is a decrease in the yield of durum wheat grain, which depends on the development of root rot at the maximum proportions of the influence of 80.0 and 89.7 %. Various agro-meteorological conditions, precursors and food backgrounds are the main cause of changes in the degree of spread and development of durum wheat root rot.

At present, winter durum wheat is grown after its unpaired predecessors. Under such conditions, fertiliser is important. Therefore, the study of the yield formation and quality of winter durum wheat grain depending on the fertiliser system is relevant. The purpose of this study was to investigate the yield formation and quality of winter durum wheat grain under various fertiliser systems. The study was conducted in conditions of a stationary field experiment of the Uman National University of Horticulture, located in the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine during 2020–2021. The experiment was founded in 2011. The following crops are grown in the four-course field crop rotation: winter wheat, corn, spring barley, soybeans. The experiment scheme includes 11 variants of combinations and separate application of mineral fertilisers, including the control option without fertiliser. Grain harvest was performed by direct combining, protein content and gluten content were determined by infrared spectroscopy using Infratek 1241. Statistical data processing was performed using the STATISTICA 10 software. Yield of winter durum wheat grain significantly increased from the fertiliser. However, the effectiveness of their use varied depending on the year of study. Thus, in 2020, it increased by 1.1–1.2 times (3.9-4.1 t hа-1) with long-term use of nitrogen fertilisers alone. Long-term use of complete mineral fertiliser (N150P60K80) significantly affected the grain yield (4.3 t hа-1) compared to variant N150. In 2021, grain yields increased 1.2–1.4 times, depending on the fertiliser system. Notably, the use of N150P60K40 and N150P30K80 in terms of impact on grain yield was at the level of the variant N150P60K80. Paired combinations of fertiliser application were effective at the level of long-term application of N150P30K40. Application of N75P30K40 provided the formation of only 4% lower grain yield compared to N150P30K40. The protein and gluten content was most affected by the nitrogen component of the complete mineral fertiliser. The conducted studies confirm the high reaction of durum wheat to the use of nitrogen fertilisers. The results obtained can be used to predict the productivity of durum winter wheat depending on soil fertility

Products derived from wheat grains are an important source of protein in the daily diet of people in many parts of the world. The biological value of protein is determined by its amino acid composition and the proportions of the individual amino acids. Synthesis of these compounds in wheat grains is influenced by genetic factors, as well as habitat conditions and the agrotechnology applied in cultivation. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of production technology (integrated, intensive) on the grain yield and the content amino acid profile of protein in common and durum wheat grain. Field research was conducted at the Experimental Station IUNG-PIB in Osiny (Poland) in two growing seasons. It was found that grain yield significantly depended on the weather conditions in the years of harvesting and genotype, but did not depend on the production technology. On the other hand, the protein content and their amino acid composition depended significantly on the production technology and genotype. A significantly higher content of protein substances was found in durum wheat grain. Increasing the intensity of production technology had a positive effect on the total protein content and the content of individual amino acids, both exogenous and endogenous. The amino acid limiting the biological value of protein contained in grains of both wheat species was lysine, and the deficiency of this amino acid was significantly lower in grain protein from intensive than integrated cultivation technology.

Background. The problem of grain quality remains relevant in the aspect of reviving the traditions of Saratov bakery. Rheological characteristics of test semi-finished products are determined by the ratio and interaction of glutenin and gliadin, which are important in the formation of viscoelastic properties of semi-finished products and the quality of the final product. Gliadins determine the viscosity and extensibility of the dough, and glutenins have cohesive properties and contribute to giving the dough strength and elasticity. Hard wheat contains more protein gliadin, which is responsible for the extensibility of the dough and quite a bit of gluten, which is responsible for elasticity and elasticity, which is very important for improving the elastic properties of the Saratov roll. This is due to the fact that in the old days, a mixture of flour from durum wheat varieties with flour from soft varieties was used in the recipe of the roll in a ratio of 25:75, which provided special properties to the product, the quality of which was evaluated by compression of the roll at a height of 40 cm to the thickness of the cake, to restore the original shape.Purpose: to investigate the mixing ability of durum wheat and soft wheat varieties for the production of Saratov kalach.Materials and Methods. As objects of research, varieties of spring durum wheat of the laboratory of breeding and seed production of spring durum wheat of the FSBI "FANTZ of the South-East": Elizavetinskaya, Luch 25, Gordeiforme 432; varieties of soft wheat of the Laboratory of Genetics and Cytology of the FSBI "FANTZ of the South-East": Alexandrite and Favorit; a variety of soft wheat of the Vavilov University: Agro SP. Wheat quality indicators were evaluated according to GOST 9353-2016. The protein content was determined on the Infratek 1241 grain analyzer. The water absorption capacity of flour mixtures and such indicators of rheological properties of test semi-finished products as the time of dough formation, consistency, stability, degree of liquefaction 10 minutes after start and 12 minutes after maximum, quality indicators were determined using a farinograph according to GOST ISO 5530-1-2013. Determination of rheological properties using an alveograph according to GOST R 51415-99.Results. Based on the results of pharynographic and alveographic assessments in mixtures with soft wheat, the mixing value of durum wheat varieties was revealed and the quantitative ratios of the components (durum wheat - soft wheat) in the mixtures were substantiated. The following flour mixtures are recommended for the production of Saratov kalach: based on flour from soft wheat grain Alexandrite with flour from durum wheat grain Alexandrite-Elizavetinskaya, Alexandrite-Luch 25 and Alexandrite-Gordeiforme 432 in a ratio of 85:15, based on flour from soft wheat grain Agro SP with flour from durum wheat grain Agro SP- Elizavetinskaya and Agro SP-Luch 25 in the ratio of 85: 15, which will be beneficial from an economic point of view.Conclusions. The results of rheological indicators obtained on the alveograph and farinograph allow you to select varieties of soft and durum wheat, choose their optimal ratios in composite mixtures for the production of Saratov kalach. And predict an increase in the shape stability and specific volume of the Saratov roll, which will lead to an improvement in its elastic properties.

What Makes Bread and Durum Wheat Different?

The starchy endosperm proportion in durum wheat grain and its ability to be isolated from the peripheral tissues appear as main intrinsic characteristics potentially related to the milling value but still difficult to assess. In this study, several durum wheat samples displaying distinct grading characteristics were analyzed and processed through a pilot mill. The histological composition of grains and milling fractions was monitored by using identified biochemical markers of each wheat grain tissue. Contrasted milling yields of semolina and flour were observed between samples, despite displaying a similar starchy endosperm proportion determined by hand dissection. These yields were related both to differences in the starchy endosperm extraction and to the presence of the aleurone layer, particularly its cellular content. Furthermore, two distinct types of fractionation behavior of the aleurone layer were distinguished depending on the wheat grain sample. Extraction of the envelopes and embryonic axis into semolina and flours were found negligible in comparison with the other tissues.