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Abstract
Creating national committees for domestic animal genetic resources within genetic resource national commissions is recommended to organize in situ and ex situ conservation initiatives. In situ conservation is a high priority because it retains traditional zootechnical contexts and locations to ensure the long-term survival of breeds. In situ actions can be based on subsidies, technical support, structure creation, or trademark definition. Provisional or permanent relocation of breeds may prevent immediate extinction when catastrophes, epizootics, or social conflicts compromise in situ conservation. Ex situ in vivo (animal preservation in rescue or quarantine centers) and in vitro methods (germplasm, tissues/cells, DNA/genes storage) are also potential options. Alert systems must detect emergencies and summon the national committee to implement appropriate procedures. Ex situ coordinated centers must be prepared to permanently or provisionally receive extremely endangered collections. National germplasm banks must maintain sufficient samples of national breeds (duplicated) in their collections to restore extinct populations at levels that guarantee the survival of biodiversity. A conservation management survey, describing national and international governmental and non-governmental structures, was developed. Conservation research initiatives for international domestic animal genetic resources from consortia centralize the efforts of studies on molecular, genomic or geo-evolutionary breed characterization, breed distinction, and functional gene identification. Several consortia also consider ex situ conservation relying on socioeconomic or cultural aspects. The CONBIAND network (Conservation for the Biodiversity of Local Domestic Animals for Sustainable Rural Development) exemplifies conservation efficiency maximization in a low-funding setting, integrating several Latin American consortia with international cooperation where limited human, material, and economic resources are available.
Highlights
In the 20th century, the loss of domestic animal diversity became dramatic, and sensitivity to conservation issues for the domestic world started to be borrowed from wildlife conservationists.conservation efforts in domestic animals were delayed until the Food and AgricultureOrganization (FAO) mentioned its interest in the matter in 1948 [1] as a result of the rising awareness of the loss of breeds adapted to harsh conditions
The Global Plan of Action provides an international mandate to proceed with the characterization, inventory, monitoring, conservation, development, and sustainable use of domestic animal genetic resources, and to ensure that the benefits of their use and the responsibilities of their conservation are shared fairly and equitably
The use and movements of the collections integrated into germplasm banks are affected by the Nagoya Protocol, which regulates how animal genetic resources are utilized, who are the owners, users, and suppliers, and which are the trends in gene flow that these resources describe [12]
Summary
In the 20th century, the loss of domestic animal diversity became dramatic, and sensitivity to conservation issues for the domestic world started to be borrowed from wildlife conservationists. Organization (FAO) mentioned its interest in the matter in 1948 [1] as a result of the rising awareness of the loss of breeds adapted to harsh conditions At this time, the discussion about the preservation of domestic animal breeds started growing, including both ex situ and in situ approaches. The discussion about the preservation of domestic animal breeds started growing, including both ex situ and in situ approaches It would not be until 1974 [2], during the First World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production, when the general idea of breed conservation was consolidated. At the non-governmental level, the aggregation of national and regional organizations began under the umbrella of Rare Breed International (RBI) beginning in 1990. A description of the main aspects of these actions is presented
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