Abstract
The behavior of a reinforced soil system depends on parameters such as the structural geometry, execution steps, density and mechanical properties of the soil, density of reinforcement materials, deformation, and flexural stiffness of reinforcement materials. A critical parameter in the design of a soil-nailed system is the optimal use of materials with respect to cost. It is necessary to find an optimal design that is cost-effective within the parameters affecting the behavior of the nailed system. A common problem in nailed excavations is an increase in the excavation depth beyond the initial design of the wall, which will require more reinforcements. In this research, we used one approach not used before the method is placing one and two rows of long nails placed at the appropriate depth. In this study, a comparison between safety factor, horizontal displacement, and lateral pressure behind the wall has been made at two nail placement depths using FLAC3D finite difference software that reveals the optimal depth for efficiency is approximately at the middle of the finished wall height. When the number of reinforcement nails with the same lengths was considered, the installation of two rows of nails in comparison with 5 or 3 rows of nails reduced the maximum wall displacement to a greater extent. A greater factor of safety was achieved. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited.
Highlights
One of the main concerns in constructing underground facilities in urban areas is the effect on adjacent buildings of deformation caused by excavation
It can be seen that the greatest value of forces in the row of nails was in the wall without long nails
The largest displacement is at the top of the wall, and the length outside of the rupture wedge has more effect, so a comparison of the three methods shows that minimum displacement was obtained when two rows of 26-m nails were installed at depths of 3.5 and 11 m
Summary
One of the main concerns in constructing underground facilities in urban areas is the effect on adjacent buildings of deformation caused by excavation. Lin et al (2013) [15] investigated the effect of nail reinforcement on slope stability using numerical analysis and a resistance reduction method in which the stability of the nailed slopes was estimated using the safety factor and slip potential levels in FLAC3D software. They examined the effect of length, direction, and location of the nails and the horizontal distance of the nails on the safety factor and slip level. It can be shown that as the length of
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