Optimizing the Compensation Standard of Cultivated Land Protection Based on Ecosystem Services in the Hangzhou Bay Area, China

The increasing scarcity of cultivated land resources necessitates the continuous change in cultivated land functions. Cultivated land has gradually changed from being used for a single function to multiple functions. The use of cultivated land for multiple functions has become an important way to achieve the sustainable use, management, and protection of cultivated land. In this, the development of different functions of cultivated land must be coordinated. Thus, clarifying the evolution trend of the use of cultivated land for various functions, calculating the coupling and coordination degrees of these multiple functions, and identifying the driving factors in these uses play important roles in realizing the orderly development of cultivated land multifunctionality. This paper defined multifunctioning cultivated land as containing a production function, a social function, and an ecological function. Based on the socioeconomic panel data and geospatial data of Heilongjiang, Jilin, and Liaoning, which are the major grain-producing areas of northeast China, in the years 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2020 we calculated the multiple function coupling coordination degree of cultivated land using the Coupling Coordination Degree Model and identified the driving forces in the evolution of the spatial-temporal pattern of cultivated land multifunctionality using Geodetector. The results show that from 2005 to 2020, there were significant regional differences in terms of the production, social, and ecological functions of cultivated land in the research areas. The multifunctional coupling coordination degree of cultivated land in the study areas was gradually improved. The spatial-temporal evolution of the multifunctional coupling coordination degree of cultivated land was found to mainly be influenced by the level of agricultural development, such as the level of per capita disposable income and the rate of effective irrigation of cultivated land. The government should attempt to guarantee the comparative benefits of agricultural production to increase the income level of farmers; increase investment in agricultural infrastructure construction to improve the level of agriculture development; and implement a strict farmland protection policy to achieve the continuous improvement of the productivity of cultivated land, realize the ordered development of coupling, and improve the coordination of the use of cultivated land for multiple functions. The results of this study are applicable not only to northeast China but also to other major grain-producing areas that are under pressure to protect their cultivated land and achieve the suitable use of cultivated land.

Predicting the spatio-temporal evolution characteristics and trade-off/synergy relationships of ecosystem service value (ESV) under different policy scenarios is of great significance for realizing regional sustainable development. This study established a framework and used the geographical simulation and optimization systems-future land use simulation (GeoSOS-FLUS) model and bivariate local autocorrelation analysis to stimulate and predict the impact of land use change on the ESV of Anyang City from 1995 to 2025. We also explored the trade-offs and synergy among ecosystem services under three policy scenarios (natural evolution, cultivated land protection, and ecological protection) in 2025. Results show that (1) the land use change in Anyang from 1995 to 2025 was significant, and the degree of land use change under the cultivated land and ecological protection scenarios was more moderate than that under the natural evolution scenario; (2) The total ESV decreased between 1995 and 2015, amounting to losses of 1126 million yuan, and the decline from 2015 to 2025 under the natural evolution scenario was more significant than those under the cultivated land protection and ecological protection scenarios; and (3) an obvious synergy was observed between various ecosystem services in Anyang City under different scenarios in 2025, and the most significant synergy was observed under the natural evolution scenario. In terms of spatial distribution, the agglomeration of “high–high” synergy in the west and “low–low” synergy in the central region was significant. Local areas showed “high–low” and “low–high” trade-off relationships scattered between their built land and woodland or cultivated land. The proposed framework can provide certain scientific support for regulating land use and ecosystem services in rapidly urbanized areas.

IntroductionChina’s main grain-producing areas (MGPA) have made outstanding contributions to cultivated land protection and food security. Integrating cultivated land use with socio-economic activities and constructing a horizontal ecological compensation mechanism under the virtual cultivated land (VCL) framework are important measures for achieving the “Trinity Comprehensive Protection” of quantity, quality, and ecology cultivated land.MethodsWe used the North China Plain (NCP) as the research area and the multiregional input–output model to analyze inter-regional VCL flow, and ecological compensation standard was calculated based on the ecosystem services value. Results(1) VCL flowed from economically underdeveloped regions (e.g., Hebei, Shandong, and Henan) to economically developed regions (e.g., Beijing and Tianjin). As a net outflow region, the NCP provided VCL for the Yangtze River and Pearl River deltas (2) The compensation standards ranged from 2192–18406 yuan/hectare. Net inflow regions were payment areas, and net outflow regions were receiving areas. Beijing and Tianjin should pay 3.04 and 0.70 billion yuan for other provinces. The NCP should obtain 17.35 billion yuan from other regions in China.DiscussionThe research framework provides a basis for division of responsibility for cultivated land protection and offers ideas and frameworks for horizontal ecological compensation of cultivated land.

Besides crops, agriculture supplies all three major categories of ecosystem services (ES). However, agriculture also supplies an array of ecosystem dis-services (EDS) that may harm other ecosystems. The flows of ES and EDS are directly dependent on the management of agricultural ecosystems. The traditional method of Chinese agriculture, which supports sustainable agriculture, has been proven to increase ES and reduce EDS. However, there is a lack of a detailed understanding of the ES and EDS associated with traditional agriculture, and also of differences between traditional and modern agriculture. In this study, an investigation was conducted on the ecosystem services (ES) and ecosystem dis-services (EDS) of traditional and modern agriculture in Congjiang County, Guizhou Province, China. Afterwards, the economic values of ES and EDS were quantified experimentally and calculated based on the market price. The results show that: the net economic value of traditional rice-fish agriculture was 3.31x10(4) CNY center dot ha(-1) (6.83 CNY = 1 USD as of July, 2009) and that of rice monoculture was 1.99x10(4) CNY center dot ha(-1). Significant differences existed between traditional rice-fish and rice monoculture fields for their economic values of some ES or EDS. A benefit and cost analysis (BCA) model was used to adjust the conflict between the economic income and environmental loss from traditional and modern agriculture. The BCA model not only calculates the net income but also monetizes the EDS of the agricultural systems. The results showed that the net income of rice-fish agriculture was 1.94x10(4) CNY center dot ha(-1) higher than that of rice monoculture. However, the benefit to cost ratio (BCR) of rice-fish agriculture was lower than that of rice monoculture, indicating that the traditional agricultural model was not the most optimized choice for farmers. The value of the rice-fish agriculture was much higher than that of the rice monoculture. Thus, when considering the benefits that rice-fish agriculture contributes to the largescale society, these agricultural methods needs to be utilized. Furthermore, the labor opportunity costs were calculated and the comprehensive value of rice monoculture was negative. Finally, the compensation standard was calculated based on the comprehensive benefit analysis. The lowest level was 1.09x10(3) CNY center dot ha(-1), and the highest level was 1.21x10(4) CNY center dot ha(-1).

This study examines the content of the compensation standard measurement for cultivated land protection to effectively address the imbalance between local economic development and cultivated land protection. The empirical analysis relies on a value-added benefit model. Using the grain supply and demand balance method, 14 prefectures (cities) in Xinjiang were divided into cultivated land deficit/surplus areas, and based on the theory of value-added benefits of converting cultivated land to construction land, a compensation standard measurement system for cultivated land protection was established, and correction coefficients such as potential urban development intensity and government payment capacity were introduced to accurately determine the realistic compensation standard for cultivated land protection in areas that are paid and receive compensation. The results of the study found that the total surplus area of cultivated land in Xinjiang is 271.57 × 104 hm2, which is in surplus overall, while within Xinjiang, four states (cities) are cultivated land deficit areas, which are also the areas that need to pay compensation amounts, and 10 states (cities) are cultivated land surplus areas, which receive compensation payments. The average compensation standard for cultivated land protection in Xinjiang is 24.27 × 104 RMB/hm2, while the compensation standard for cultivated land protection in each state (city) is mainly influenced by the benchmark land price and the comprehensive value of cultivated land, of which the benchmark land price is the core factor affecting the compensation standard. In terms of the total amount of compensation, the total amount of compensation paid for cultivated land protection in Xinjiang is 5,323.93 × 108 RMB, which is paid by the provinces where cultivated land is scarce, and in terms of the provinces, by the four compensation areas to the remaining 10 reimbursement areas, for which we put forward policy suggestions such as adopting diversified forms of compensation, alleviating financial pressure, financing through multiple channels, securing sources of funding, establishing cultivated land protection compensation standards, dynamic measurement platforms, and supervision and management mechanisms to realize long-term compensation mechanisms for cultivated land. The study is conducive to clarifying the rights and responsibilities of cultivated land protection, mobilizing the motivation of the main actors in cultivated land protection, and promoting balance and harmony between regional economic development and cultivated land protection.

Coordinated development of cultivated land use and ecological protection in cities along the main stream of the Yellow River in Henan Province, China

Environment, energy, and economy often constitute an interrelated and contradictory ternary system. In this study, Greater Bay Area around Hangzhou Bay Area is taken as the main research object, and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area is taken as the reference object. By constructing the index system of 3E system coordination evaluation model, the coordination degree and coordination status of ecological environment, energy consumption, and economic growth subsystems of the two areas are compared and analyzed, and the coupling relationship between 2E and 3E systems of Greater Bay Area around Hangzhou Bay and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area is further studied. The results show that the eco-environmental coordination degree and energy consumption coordination degree of the cities in Greater Bay Area around Hangzhou Bay are between 0.4248–0.5668 and 0.4528–0.5874, respectively, which are in the state of weak coordination to primary coordination, while the economic growth coordination degree is between 0.5022 and 0.6878, which is in the state of primary coordination to intermediate coordination. The coupling of 2E system in Greater Bay Area around Hangzhou Bay and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area shows linear growth and nonlinear growth, respectively (R2 = 0.997), presenting a good coupling development overall. The coupling levels of ecological environment-energy consumption, ecological environment-economic growth, and energy consumption-economic growth in Greater Bay Area around Hangzhou Bay increase by 18.94, 86.72, and 98.20% respectively. The coupling of 3E systems between Greater Bay Area around Hangzhou Bay and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area presents a nonlinear development trend that is increasing year by year (R2 > 0.99), but the coupling level of 3E systems between the two is still low, both of which are in the primary/weak coordination state, while the overall growth rate of 3E system coupling in Greater Bay Area around Hangzhou Bay is higher than that of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area.

How to promote sustainable land use in Hangzhou Bay, China? A decision framework based on fuzzy multiobjective optimization and spatial simulation

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 基于生态系统服务的黑河中游退耕还林生态补偿研究 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201804180891 作者: 作者单位: 北京大学城市与环境学院资源与环境地理系,北京大学城市与环境学院,北京大学城市与环境学院 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目（41871074） Study of ecological compensation of the Grain for Green program in the middle reaches of Heihe River based on ecosystem services Author: Affiliation: College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes(MOE),Beijing, 100871,China,, Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:退耕还林工程是迄今为止世界上最大的生态建设工程，对我国生态恢复发挥了重要作用，而生态补偿机制构建则是保障该工程顺利实施的关键。以黑河中游为研究区，评估了区域水源涵养、土壤保持和气体调节等生态系统服务及其退耕还林增量；利用最小数据法耦合机会成本和服务增量，推导退耕还林补偿曲线；通过政策目标设定3种情景，比较不同情境下的补偿标准、退耕比例和范围以及生态系统服务增量。结果表明：①退耕还林有助于提高生态系统服务的能力，单位面积水源涵养、土壤保持和固碳三种生态系统服增量分别为8.87 mm/m2、105.67 kg/m2和43.16 g/m2；②如不实施生态补偿，仅有1.42%的耕地愿意实施退耕还林；当补偿标准达到4381.35元/hm2时，可实现5.17%耕地退耕，且全部属于高度适宜和适宜还林的耕地；而当补偿金额达到7500元/hm2时，可实现退耕比例13.98%，且多数属于宜林的地块；当补偿标准为2803.06元/hm2时，退耕比例仅为2.55%，但全部适宜林地生长；③最小数据法可求得理论上相对高效和经济的补偿标准，目前实施的7500元/hm2的政策标准在合理的补偿范围内。研究结果为完善黑河中游生态补偿机制、提高生态补偿效率提供科学指导。 Abstract:The Grain for Green program is the largest ecological construction project in the world thus far and has played an important role in ecological restoration in China. Taking the middle reaches of Heihe River as the study area, we evaluated ecosystem services, such as water conservation, soil conservation, and gas regulation, and calculated their increment after returning farmland to forest. After combining opportunity cost and service increment, the minimum data approach was used to deduce the compensation curve for returning farmland to forest. According to the three scenarios of policy objectives, we compared the compensation standard, proportion and scope of returning farmland, and the increment in ecosystem services in different situations. The results are as follows: ① Conversion of farmland to forest contributes to improving the capacity for ecosystem services. The ecosystem increment of water conservation, soil conservation, and carbon sequestration per unit area was 8.87 mm/m2, 105.67 kg/m2, and 43.16 g/m2, respectively. ② If ecological compensation is not carried out, only 1.42% of farmland would be returned to forest. When the compensation standard reaches 4381.35 yuan/hm2, 5.17% of farmland plots could be returned to forest, all of which are suitable for forest growth. When the compensation amount is 7500 yuan/hm2, 13.98% of farmland can be returned, and most of the plots are suitable for forest growth. If the compensation standard is 2803.06 yuan/hm2, the proportion of returned farmland is only 2.55%, but all are suitable for forest growth. ③ The minimum data method, in theory, can provide a relatively efficient and economic compensation standard. The current policy standard of 7500 yuan/hm2 is in the reasonable range of compensation. These results can provide scientific guidance for improving ecological compensation mechanisms and ecological compensation efficiency in the middle reaches of Heihe River. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Ecosystem functions, services and their values – a case study in Xingshan County of China

Determining the payment for ecosystem services of mangrove forests: The approach combining ecosystem services and social-economic level and application in Shankou National Nature Reserve, Guangxi, China

Cultivated land protection and rational use in China

At present, with the rapid development of urbanization and industrialization, the contradiction between development and cultivated land protection is exacerbated. Scientifically quantifying ecosystem service value and constructing an ecological compensation mechanism of cultivated land are significant paths for cultivated land protection. This study originates from an extended three-dimensional ecological footprint model, introduces a carbon footprint accounting path, and thoroughly evaluates the sustainable use of farmland ecology. It aimed to accurately calculate the ecosystem service value of farmland, formulate ecological compensation standards, establish an ecological compensation model to measure the total amount of ecological compensation for cultivated land, and delineate the “five-zone map” of ecological compensation for farmland. (1) There is a partial spatial heterotopia phenomenon between ecological consumption and ecological services. (2) In 2022, the ecosystem service value of cultivated land in Shandong Province is high, reaching CNY 78.479 billion. Overall, exported the ecological service value of cultivated land to the outside world. Qingdao, Yantai, and Weihai are farmland ecological compensation zones, with a compensation amount of CNY 71 million. (3) The priority compensation zones are Qingdao and Yantai on the Shandong Peninsula. The priority compensated zones are mainly located in the northern region of Shandong. Exploring ecological compensation for cultivated land ecology at the spatial and temporal scale has important value for ecological protection and security of cultivated land.

Wetland valuation is a policy tool available to environmental planners and policy-makers to justify the general costs of wetland preservation activities. Because there is no integrated procedure for valuing goods and services in the country, this article is the first attempt in Iran to provide a comprehensive yet simple and practical framework on how to value ecosystem goods and services. Estimating the cost of damage to ecosystem services can be effective in preventing further damage to wetland ecosystems. The study aims to propose a framework for estimating the environmental costs of development activities and estimating the damage to the values of the wetland ecosystem services within the direct and indirect effects of development activities. The benefit transfer method was used to estimate the values of ecosystem services of each land use/land cover (LULC) class and damage costs to ecosystem goods and services provided by wetlands. Using the Ecosystem Services Valuation Database (ESVD), the coefficients of the average values of ecosystem services for the country over a period of one year were estimated using the equation for adjusting the overall price levels. The mean values of ecosystem services per hectare of coastal and inland wetlands were updated based on the price levels in 2021. Then the corresponding values were adjusted for Iran. The sum of the “means” of the adjusted ecosystem service values per hectare for the Iranian coastal mangrove wetland ecosystems and inland wetland ecosystems are estimated to be 67,665 USD and 42,171 USD, respectively.

Estimation of the value of regional ecosystem services of an archipelago using satellite remote sensing technology: A case study of Zhoushan Archipelago, China