Optimizing subway-based TOD: identifying threshold effects among station-level parameters

Wates Train Station (Wates train station) and Wates Bus Station (Wates bus station) are two transportation nodes located in the Wates District moreover provide a wider area in the scale of the Kulon Progo Regency. These two transport nodes are near to each other and intersect within the radius of the TOD area. The presence of the Yogyakarta International Airport in Temon District was projected to increase the transportation intensity on Wates train station yet Wates bus station as the nodes of the current public transport service. This study was aimed to measure the Node - Place (N - P) index on both TOD areas. The Bertolini’s N - P model is a commonly used method on the measurement of TOD performance in terms of the transportation intensity towards land use (activity) intensity. The identifications were based on the TOD theory and the N - P indicators. Measurements were conducted through a weighted multi - criteria analysis. The analysis resulted in the same type of node - place index on both TOD areas, the “unbalanced node”. An unbalanced node indicates poor land use development regards a high transportation capability. Wates train station area has the index of node 0,72 and place 0,25 while the Wates bus station has the index of node 0,64 and place 0,16.

The global trend toward urbanization has spurred the widespread adoption of transit-oriented development (TOD). While previous research has extensively explored the relationship between land use and TOD ridership, much of it has focused on linear associations at a singular scale. Leveraging recent advancements in nonlinear modeling and the accessibility of open-source data, this study employs a comprehensive two-step methodology. Firstly, K-means clustering algorithm categorizes TOD sites in Shenzhen into three distinct clusters, providing a site-based understanding of their characteristics. Subsequently, a Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LightGBM) classification model, complemented by SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) values for interpretation, quantitatively evaluates the influence of mixed land use on TOD ridership across various catchment areas. As for the findings, we discover that land-use factors have different effects on TOD site patronage at different buffer radii and delve into the intricacies of these effects. Further results reveal non-linear relationships with varying degrees of positivity and negativity. For instance, residents and health sites positively impact patronage across all buffer radii, while certain commercial land uses exhibit a negative influence. The study demonstrates how the importance of different land-use structures varies across these clusters, shedding light on the nuanced impacts of land use on TOD catchment areas. Our research optimizes land-use mixes based on predominant cluster characteristics by offering actionable recommendations for urban managers.

In recent years, with strong economic development and rapid urbanization in China, traffic congestion has become a common phenomenon in urban areas. Focusing on the high-density development of land use in China, the urban population has become highly concentrated and the number of vehicles has also increased exponentially. Traffic congestion problems have become more and more serious in most of the major cities in China. To mitigate the problems, researchers and planners have learned to use a coordinated approach balancing the transportation development and land use. Transit-oriented development (TOD) refers to residential and commercial districts located surrounding a transit station or corridor with high quality service, good walkability, good parking management, and other design features that facilitate transit use and maximize overall accessibility; it is the new fast growing trend in creating vibrant and livable communities. The TOD has become one of the leading urban planning models in China. In this paper, one of the residential and commercial districts in Chengdu, which is the largest city in the southwest of China, was selected for the model study in coordinating the transportation development and land use. The study was based on the TOD model and the genetic algorithm (GA) approach using the MATLAB software. It was shown that the optimal solution significantly increased the density and consistency of the land use when compared with the current construction plan. The traffic flow on the major road of this community was just around 67% of its predicted traffic capacity. The feasibility and effectiveness of the TOD model was verified and recommendations were given for managing the transportation development and land use.

Advance transit oriented development typology: case study in Brisbane, Australia

Urbanization in Jabodetabek is leading to an increase in the need for transportation. The 2018 Jabodetabek Transportation Master Plan (RITJ) aims to address this issue by planning transit-oriented development (TOD) areas throughout Jabodetabek, including the Poris Plawad transit-oriented development (TOD) area in Tangerang City. Once designated as a transit-oriented development (TOD) area, there should be changes in land use in Poris Plawad to suit the needs of the transit-oriented development (TOD) concept. Properly organizing land use around transportation nodes is essential for the success of transit-oriented development (TOD) projects. This study examines how land use has evolved over 11 years, before and after Poris Plawad was designated as a transit-oriented development (TOD) area. This research utilizes quantitative methods through descriptive analysis to compare Poris Plawad’s land use changes as a transit-oriented development (TOD) area. This research identifies the proportion of land use in the Poris Plawad transit-oriented development (TOD) area. The results indicate that the land use changes in Poris Plawad align with the transit-oriented development (TOD) concept. This indicates that before there was a policy regulating of Poris Plawad transit-oriented development (TOD) area, Poris Plawad's land use had the potential to become a transit-oriented development (TOD) area.

Urbanization is intrinsically connected to economic progress. India’s rapid economic and population growth has increased its carbon footprint and traffic congestion. A long-term strategy is essential to preserve the balance and alleviate the issues arising from the expansion. Integrating land use and transportation planning has been acknowledged as a means to achieve sustainable urban development worldwide. Transit Oriented Development (TOD) is one such strategy. TOD is a planning and design strategy for promoting urban development by clustering jobs, housing, services, and amenities around public transport stations. This strategy can help achieve sustainable communities and improve the quality of life. This research paper assessed the land use characteristics of an urban fringe area in Trivandrum city and completed a land suitability analysis using GIS software tools. A potential node for re-development was identified by looking at various traffic, demographic, and land use parameters. Detailed TOD recommendations for the area surrounding the transit node were proposed based on its development potential.

A methodology to modify land uses in a transit oriented development scenario

Gulf cities have embarked on ambitious public transport infrastructure initiatives in recent decades to foster more livable and sustainable cities. This investigation explores the interpretations and implementation of Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) principles in two prototypical urban districts: Doha’s West Bay, Qatar, and Riyadh’s King Abdullah Financial District (KAFD), Saudi Arabia. By following a comparative case study approach, the study explores how retrofitted (West Bay) and purpose-built (KAFD) TOD configurations fare regarding land use mix, density, connectivity, transit access, and environmental responsiveness. The comparative methodology was selected to specifically capture the spatial, climatic, and socio-economic complexities of TOD implementation in hyper-arid urban environments. Based on qualitative evidence from stakeholder interviews, spatial assessments, and geospatial indicators—such as metro access buffers, building shape compactness, and TOD proximity classification—the investigation reflects both common challenges and localized adaptations in hot-desert Urbanism. It emerges that, while benefiting from integrated planning and multimodal connectivity, KAFD’s pedestrian realm is delimited by climatic constraints and inactive active transport networks. West Bay, on the other hand, features fragmented public spaces and low TOD cohesion because of automotive planning heritages. However, it holds potential for retrofit through infill development and tactical Urbanism. The results provide transferable insights that can inform TOD strategies in other Gulf and international contexts facing similar sustainability and mobility challenges. By finalizing strategic recommendations for urban livability improvement through context-adaptive TOD approaches in Gulf cities, the study contributes to the wider discussion of sustainable Urbanism in rapidly changing environments and supplies a reproducible assessment frame for future TOD planning. This study contributes new knowledge by advancing a context-adaptive TOD framework tailored to the unique conditions of hyper-arid Gulf cities.

Housing is a primary need after food and clothing. Rapid population growth leads to rising land prices, making landed houses increasingly difficult to access. Therefore, apartments as vertical housing are an alternative, especially in Transit Oriented Development (TOD) areas. TOD is a land use concept that emphasizes a mix of activity, mobility, connectivity, density, and high intensity and is pedestrian-friendly. TOD areas have a distance of 400-800 meters that can be reached within 5-10 minutes walk from the transit point. The concept has three types: city, sub-city, and neighborhood transit-oriented areas. Sub-city transit-oriented apartment types are preferred because of their more affordable prices. The Fatmawati area is an example of a strategic sub-city TOD, located in South Jakarta near TB Simatupang, and has Fatmawati City Center Apartment adjacent to the MRT station. The main purpose of this study is to determine the opportunities and threats of Fatmawati City Center Apartment located in TOD. This data is collected through surveys, observations, journals, magazine articles, and 98 questionnaires that have been distributed to Fatmawati MRT users. The results of this study indicate that the majority of respondents are interested in buying apartments in TOD because of the factors that are taken into consideration, namely the ease of accessing public transportation, workplaces, other destinations, and traffic congestion that tends to be smooth, but financial limitations are a factor in their consideration in buying apartments in TOD. The majority are interested in the 2-bedroom type with a size of 42-71 m2 and in the price range of 500-750 million. It is hoped that the results of this study can provide input to developers who want to develop apartments in TOD. Keywords: apartment; fatmawati; transit oriented development Abstrak Kebutuhan rumah adalah kebutuhan primer setelah pangan dan sandang. Pertumbuhan penduduk yang cepat menyebabkan kenaikan harga tanah, membuat rumah (landed houses) semakin sulit diakses. Oleh karena itu, apartemen sebagai hunian vertikal menjadi alternatif terutama di area Transit Oriented Development (TOD). TOD adalah konsep penggunaan lahan yang menekankan pada campuran aktivitas, mobilitas, konektivitas, kepadatan, dan intensitas tinggi serta ramah terhadap pejalan kaki. Area TOD memiliki jarak 400–800 meter yang bisa ditempuh dalam 5-10 menit berjalan kaki dari tempat transit. Konsep ini memiliki tiga tipe: kawasan berorientasi transit kota, sub-kota, dan lingkungan. Tipe apartemen yang berada di transit sub-kota menjadi pilihan karena harga apartemennya lebih terjangkau. Kawasan Fatmawati adalah contoh TOD sub-kota yang strategis, terletak di Jakarta Selatan dekat TB Simatupang, dan memiliki Apartemen Fatmawati City Center yang berdekatan dengan stasiun MRT. Tujuan utama dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui peluang dan ancaman dari Apartemen Fatmawati City Center yang berada di TOD. Data ini dikumpulkan melalui survei, observasi, jurnal, artikel majalah, dan 98 kuesioner yang telah disebarkan kepada pengguna MRT Fatmawati. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa mayoritas responden berminat membeli apartemen di TOD karena faktor yang menjadi pertimbangan yaitu kemudahan dalam mengakses transportasi umum,tempat kerja, tempat destinasi lain, dan kemacetan lalu lintas yang cenderung lancar, namun keterbatasan finansial menjadi faktor pertimbangan mereka dalam membeli apartemen di TOD. Mayoritas tertarik pada tipe 2 kamar tidur dengan ukuran 42-71m2 dan di kisaran harga 500-750 juta. Diharapkan hasil penelitian ini dapat memberi masukan kepada para pengembang yang hendak mengembangkan apartemen di TOD.

<p>Transit Oriented Development (TOD) is a concept of developing an integrated transportation system with land use. Implementation of TOD in the Banyumanik Area, aims to address the impacts of urban sprawl, namely traffic congestion, air pollution, consumption of open space, and a sense of kinship society in a modern residential neighborhood. Based on TOD best practices, elements that influential and become critical success of TOD implementation are land use, hinterland areas support, transportation systems, the role of stakeholders, and the level of understanding and public acceptance. This study aims to identify and know the priority of elements and components that influence and become a critical success for possible TOD applications in the Banyumanik Area. This study used Delphi Method with four expert informants as respondents. The results showed that TOD concept has a potential to be applied in the Banyumanik Area. In order to TOD application can be run effectively and achieve its objectives, there are six elements and eighteen components that need an attention. Eighteen components are part of the six elements. Elements and components also need to be prioritized according to level of importance. The order of priority elements, namely the role and collaboration between stakeholders, the level of understanding and public acceptance, regulatory systems, land use, transportation systems, and hinterland areas support. Elements and components that obtained has evolved from the synthesis of literature review. Recommendations can be given is development actors and citizens must begin to play an active role seriously and collaborate in formulating a regulatory system which is a guidelines of TOD implementation in the Banyumanik Area. Along with this, the level of understanding and public acceptance (especially local) of this concept should be developed because the people adaptation to something new is different, so it will takes time for the TOD concept can be embedded within them as a solution to solve the transportation problem,</p>

TOD (Transit Oriented Development) is the planning design focusing on integrated transportation and land use in an area with certain radii. There are many transits node which is being designed as TOD, which varies into many typologies. Indication of TOD measurement from TOD ideal, can be measure from accessibility factor and land use factor. There is an indication that each TOD area will give different output (value creation) related to accessibility and land use function. Many studies states about the TOD in different city. where this paper will analyse many areas within the same city. The method is analysing the area into TOD index using AHP, then measuring the value creation with summation of real land and building priceThen analyse the correlation between TOD index and value creation. The study case locations is in Lebak Bulus, Dukuh Atas and Kelapa Gading. The identification of value creation will be useful as an input to the urban planners or policy makers for designing more targeted strategies. The discoveries made in comparative context differ from those made in prior studies. This paper is thus believed to make a new contribution to the existing TOD categorized with additional input related to value creation inside.

세계도시의 철도역들은 새로운 역사개발 및 기존역사 재생에 있어서 대중교통지향형개발(TOD) 패러다임에 의한 개발을 실시해 오고 있다. TOD는 대중교통결절점을 중심으로 고밀화, 복합적 토지이용, 보행친화적 환경조성, 다양한 대중교통수단 연계 등을 융합한 도시개발이라 할 수 있다. 국내의 연구에서는 TOD 개발에 있어 정책적, 방향성 제시를 위한 많은 연구가 진행되었다. 방법론적으로는 TOD 계획요소에 대한 대중교통이용률, 토지이용의 효율화, 지하철이용자수요와의 실증분석 등의 연구가 진행되어 왔다. 그러나 TOD의 주요 계획요소에 대한 미약한 현황분석은 TOD의 실질적인 정책적, 제도적 지원을 창출할 수 있는 근거를 마련하지 못하는 실정이며, 역세권의 문제점을 파악하는데 다양한 관점에서 고려되지 못하는 한계점을 지니고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 선행연구와 FGI를 통해 TOD 계획요소를 도출하며, 역세권 반경 500m를 기준으로 분석한 자료의 표준화(Re-Score)값과 AHP 분석을 통해 산출된 계획요소에 대한 중요도를 곱하여 평가점수를 도출한다. 분석결과 TOD 계획요소의 중요도는 접근특성, 대중교통특성, 토지이용특성, 인구특성 순으로 나타났고, 서울시 32개 주요 환승역세권은 잠실역, 사당역, 교대역 등이 TOD 평가점수가 높은 것으로 나타났다. Transit Oriented Development(TOD) has been the dominant paradigm for urban development. The traditional approach to the development of urban rail station areas demonstrates apparent weaknesses when it comes to compact and mixed-use types of development for these stations. Thus, the objective of this study is to derive evaluation indicators with which to assess urban rail station areas using TOD planning elements. A focus group interview was conducted to explore TOD planning elements. In order to examine the level of TOD to be achieved, an AHP technique was utilized to analyze the importance of several variables. Z-scores and Re-scores were applied to derive the values for the stations. The Variables related to the land use type, mixed use, floor area, and public transit were found to be the major contributing factors to the achievement of TOD in urban rail station areas. The results of this study show that the level of TOD achievement varies according to the major land use, density, accessibility, and mixed-use planning elements.

Transit oriented development among metro station areas in Shanghai, China: Variations, typology, optimization and implications for land use planning

BackgroundTotal joint arthroplasty (TJA) complications necessitate the development of accurate risk prediction models; however, interpretability in machine learning remains a challenge. While Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) offers insights at the individual level, partial dependence plots (PDPs) may provide a better understanding at the population level for developing clinical guidelines. This study compared PDPs and SHAP in explaining machine learning-based 30-day complication risk prediction following TJA.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study using the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database (2019–2023), including 517,826 primary TJA cases. Binary classification models (Random Forest, Gradient Boosting) predicted composite 30-day complications based on 20 clinical predictors. A comprehensive interpretability analysis employed directional concordance validation between PDP and SHAP, permutation importance thresholding (5% relative influence), followed by one- and two-dimensional partial dependence analyses with explicit interaction modeling.ResultsThe cohort comprised 517,826 primary TJA procedures with a complication rate of 6.67%. The baseline Random Forest model achieved test AUC = 0.678. Directional concordance analysis demonstrated 97.8% weighted agreement between PDP trends and SHAP attributions, validating methodological comparison. Threshold analysis identified seven significant features, with interaction effects accounting for 49.9% of total model influence (71.9% among top features). PDPs showed actionable dose–response relationships, including critical thresholds for preoperative hematocrit (< 38%), operative time (> 120 min), and complementary interactions, such as age × ASA classification (19.1% importance), operative time × ASA classification (10.1%), and hematocrit × diabetes (6.4%). Comparative patient analysis demonstrated that while SHAP quantified individual contributions, only PDPs provided population thresholds directly translatable to institutional protocols.ConclusionPDPs appear more methodologically appropriate than SHAP for population-level clinical guideline development, offering actionable dose–response relationships and population risk thresholds that SHAP’s individualized attribution framework cannot provide. The dominance of interaction effects among the most influential predictors validates that PDPs accurately capture complementary relationships while presenting them in a format directly applicable to evidence-based perioperative protocols and institutional quality improvement initiatives.Video Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s42836-025-00360-9.

Sustainable urban growth advocates the implementation of transit-oriented development (TOD) to optimize urban spatial structure. The bilateral planning concept of TOD emphasizes the importance of discovering areas with existing TOD features but poor public transit service (potential TOD areas) and further introducing transit connectivity or conducting TOD policy in such areas to facilitate sustainable transportation. However, current studies that are devoted to discovering potential TOD areas remain scarce. In this study, we find that random forest (RF) is an optimal algorithm that can effectively identify potential TOD regions in Hong Kong. We propose an RF-mediated machine learning model (RF-TPI model) and reveal underlying mechanisms of specific indicators. After iteratively learning the typical features of TOD areas in Hong Kong, the developed RF-TPI model shows great capacity to identify potential TOD areas, with satisfactory model performances (accuracy score: 0.89, precision score: 0.81). Further investigation on manifestations of indicators by the SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) interpreter demonstrates the intricate, significant nonlinear and threshold effects of distinct indicators. Conclusively, we highlight that random forest would be a prospective tool for identifying potential TOD areas to aid TOD strategy in urban sustainable endeavors.